2. We all have something in common…

3. Something we are doing right now…

4. What am I talking about? ?

5. Reading…

7. Clinical Question In children, does the use of pictures support literacy development? In children with developmental disabilities, does the use of pictures support learning to read new words?

9. cat b) cat c) a)

11. 1 2

13. Results of Search Level of Evidence#Sources Level I Systematic review 0 ERIC Pubmed OVID CINAHL Web of Science Level I Randomised control trials 0 Level II 0 Level III 0 Level IV 8

14. Fading Study Dorry and Zeaman 1975

15. Condition 1 Picture and word presented Picture gradually faded

16. car

17. Condition 2 Picture and word Word alone OR

18. car

19. OR

20. car

21. Condition 3 Picture and word presented

22. car

23. Condition 4 Picture alone Word alone OR

26. car

27. Summary Dorry and Zeaman (1975) Printed word and picture. Picture gradually faded Either word and picture OR word alone Printed word and picture Picture alone or word alone

29. Fading Study Tabe and Jackson 1989

30. Condition 1 Word embedded in picture (superimposed) Picture gradually faded

31. car

32. Condition 2 Word embedded in picture (superimposed) Picture non-fading

33. car

34. Condition 3 Picture with word written on the side (juxtaposed) Picture gradually faded

35. car

36. Condition 4 Picture with word written on the side (juxtaposed) Picture non-fading

37. car

38. Summary Tabe and Jackson (1989) Superimposed fading Superimposed non-fading Juxtaposition fading Juxtaposition non-fading

40. Picture vs. Word Study Singh and Solman 1990

41. Condition A Picture Picture enhanced +

43. car 5 cm 2.5 cm

44. Condition B Word alone

45. car 2.5 cm

46. Condition C Word alone + Word enhanced

47. car

48. 5 cm 2.5 cm

49. Condition D Word alone

50. car 5 cm

51. Summary Singh and Solman (1990) Picture (1 st slide) and picture enhanced (2 nd slide) Word alone Word (1 st slide) and word enhanced (2 nd slide) Word alone enhanced

53. Didden, Prinsen and Sigafoos 2000

54. Condition A - D Same as Singh and Solman (1990)

55. Condition E New condition Word alone and then…

56. car

57. 2 seconds later

58. car

59. Summary Didden, Prinsen and Sigafoos (2000) Picture (1 st slide) and picture enhanced (2 nd slide) Word alone Word (1 st slide) and word enhanced (2 nd slide) Word alone enhanced Word alone then picture feedback

61. Didden, de Graaff, Nelemans, Vooren and Lancioni 2006

62. Condition 1 Word alone

63. car

64. Condition 2 Word embedded in picture

65. car

66. Condition 3 Faded with 4 steps

67. car

68. Summary Didden, de Gradd, Nelemans, Vooren and Lancioni (2006) Word alone Word embedded in picture Word and picture. Picture faded

70. Summary for Fading Studies Dorry and Zeaman 1975 Printed word and picture. Picture gradually faded. Hoogeveen, Smeets and Lancioni 1989 Fading pictorial elements. Tabe and Jackson 1989 Fading conditions (superimposed/juxtaposed)

71. Summary for Picture vs Word Singh and Solman 1990 Word alone Word alone enhanced Didden, Prinsen and Sigafoos 2000 Word alone then picture feedback Didden, de Gradd, Nelemans, Vooren and Lancioni 2006 Word alone Fossett and Mirenda 2006 Picture to text matching

73. Another interesting find…

74. 차 Car.

75. 집 A table and a bed next to a wall Furniture in a room. House.

76. Let’s try with Sight Words car

77. Make a handle… Cars go beep

78. What would this LOOK like? car

81. Clinical Question In children does the use of pictures support literacy development? No, presenting the WORD ALONE (i.e. without pictures) is more efficient when teaching children to read new words

82. a) cat b) cat c)

83. How might this effect clinical practice? -Advice to teachers -Information given to parents -Challenge current strategies used in the classroom and clinical practice