1. B1, B2, B3 Revision RN

2. Words – blood, lipids, proteins, digestion, starch, smaller
R.Narasimhan
BP: measured in mmHg
Systolic pressure: maximum pressure the heart produces
Diastolic pressure: blood pressure between heart beats
Aerobic respiration:
Glucose + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water + energy
Exercise creates an oxygen debt
Measuring fitness:
Strength, flexibility, stamina, agility, speed
Anaerobic respiration:
Glucose  Lactic acid + energy
Much less energy released than aerobic respiration
You breathe heavily to replace oxygen
Heart beats faster so blood carries lactic acid away to liver to be broken down
BMI= mass (Kg)
height (m)2
RDA: Recommended daily allowance
B1 Understanding
ourselves
Types of cancer:
Benign tumours are slow to divide, harmless and do not spread
Malignant tumours are cancerous, divide out of control and spread throughout the body
RDA(g) = 0.75X body mass (Kg)
Protein deficiency - Kwashiorkor
Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of the Cystic fibrosis allele (c).
Parents Cc x Cc
Gametes C or c x C or c
(egg/sperm) C c
Possible Outcomes C
75% Normal c
25% sufferers
Carbohydrase (produced in the mouth, pancreas and small intestine) breaks _______ (a carbohydrate) down into
glucose:
Protease (produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine) breaks _______ down into amino acids: CC Cc cc
Lipase (produced in the pancreas and small intestine) breaks fats (_____) down into fatty acids and glycerol:
Words – blood, lipids, proteins, digestion, starch, smaller

3. Normal blood glucose level
Insulin produced by the pancreas causes glucose to change to glycogen
Glucagon released and glycogen converted back to glucose
Glucose rises (eat food)
Glucose falls (exercise)
Cystic Fibrosis
Caused by recessive allele (so two copies of allele are needed).
A thick sticky mucus is produced affecting air passages and digestive systems
Controlling Blood Sugar
Controlled by the pancreas, diabetics do not produce enough insulin
Treatments
Injections or monitoring diet
Producing antibodies
Step 1: The lymphocyte “sees” the pathogen (microbe)
Step 2: The cell produces antibodies
to “fit” the pathogen
Temperature
Monitored by thermoregulatory centre in brain and receptors in skin.
Too Hot
-hair lies flat
-blood vessels dilate so heat lost through skin
-sweat produced
Too Cold
-goosebumps & hairs trap air
-blood vessels constrict
-no sweat
-shiver, respiration releases heat
Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to “clump”
Step 4: The pathogens are “eaten” by the white blood cells
Reflex action: Stimulus receptor  sensory neurone  relay neuron in spinal cord  motor neurone  response
Concave lens and convex lens corrects refraction of light rays
so the image lands on the retina

4. Class A
Class B
Class C
Example
Ecstasy, LSD, heroin, cocaine, crack, magic mushrooms, amphetamines (if prepared for injection).
Amphetamines, Cannabis, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Pholcodine.
Tranquilisers, some painkillers, Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Ketamine.
Possession
Up to seven years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.
Up to five years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.
Up to two years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.
Dealing
Up to life in prison or an unlimited fine or both.
Up to 14 years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.
DNA with bases
Damaged cilia in a smoker’s air way
Hormones of the menstrual cycle
Lobed ears are dominant over ears with no lobes
Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
Human male chromosomes

5. B2 Understanding the environment
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
What evidence is there that evolution is happening?
HUMAN EVOLUTION
How are human beings different from apes?
bigger b_____
w_____ upright
NATURAL SELECTION
D______ proposed the theory of e______ to explain how species change over time. There is v_______ between individuals, those that are better a_______ are more likely to s________ and r________, passing on favorable characteristics.
Fossil record is incomplete because:
Some body part decay quickly
Fossilisation is rare
There may still be fossils we have not found
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Ocean, dessert, grass land,
rain forest
ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM
Farm land, Aquarium, green house
The up and down pattern of predator and prey
population is called cyclic fluctuations
LAMARCK
Believed that acquired characteristics can be inherited
Photosynthesis happens only during day but
respiration happens both during day and night
B2 Understanding
the environment
The presence or absence of an indicator species is
used to estimate levels of pollution Example: Lichens
CHARLES DARWIN: Developed theory of natural selection based on survival of fittest
Genes pass on the successful characteristics to the next generation
Invertebrate
Vertebrate
No back bone
Example: Worms, insects
Back bone present
Example: Humans, fishes
COMPETITION
What resources are plants and animals in competition for?
Space
Food
Mate
EXTINCTION
Causes of extinction:
increased c_______
New p________
e_________ change
new d_________
Adaptation: features which help a plant
or animal survive in an extreme
environment,. Example: Polar bear, Camel and cactus
Sustainable development
is taking things from the
environment but leaving
enough behind to
ensure a supply for
the future and
prevent damage
Vertebrate group
Description
Fish
Has scales and gills
Amphibian
Has moist permeable skin
Reptile
Has dry scaly skin
Bird
Has feathers and a beak
Mammals
Has fur and feeds young on milk
PHOTOSYNTHESIS : Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
LINCOLN INDEX: Population =
Number of animals number of animals
Caught 1st time X caught 2nd time
number of marked animals caught second time
MUTUALISM: When both
Organisms benefit, example:
Pea plant and
nitrogen – fixing bacteria

6. “Species” means “a group of similar organisms” which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring, e.g. dogs
Hybrids:
Hybrids are the result of breeding two
animals form different species, they
cannot reproduce and are sterile.
Example: Tiger +Lion = Tigon + =
Organism
Plants
Animals
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Reptiles
Fish
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Have backbone
No backbone
Classifying organisms
Reproduction between species
Labrador
Poodle
Labradoodle
Liger
Geep
Zebroid
Mule
Used to make cellulose
for plant cell walls
Used as energy
Stored as starch
Used to make plant proteins
for plant growth
Stored as fats and oils
glucose
Photosynthesis
Oxygen
Ecological niche: The role of an organism in an ecosystem is called its ecological niche.
Example: Native red and American grey squirrels. In Britain, there are 2 types of
squirrels which occupy same ecological niche and there is a competition leading to
decline in number of red squirrels.
Used in respiration
Released into air
Direct products of photosynthesis

7. B3 Living and growing Cytoplasm: chemical reactions take place
Cell membrane: Controls movement into and out of the cell
Nucleus: contains genetic information
Mitochondria: Respiration takes place providing energy
Nitrogen bases:
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with cytosine
DNA is a double helix
Genetic instructions are in the
form of a code made up of 4 bases
Protein synthesis:
Each gene codes for
a particular protein
B3 Living and growing

8. Haemoglobin + oxygen  Oxyhaemoglobin
Platelets: are tiny pieces of cell, which have no nucleus. Important for clotting
Plasma: straw coloured liquid which transports carbon dioxide, glucose, waste products, hormones and antibodies
White blood cells: protect body against disease
Red blood cells: transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues, disc shaped and no nucleus
Enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH. Changes in pH/temp can denature the enzyme so its shape changes and the substrate can’t bind to the active site
Uses of Enzymes
-Biological washing powders
-In baby foods
-In slimming foods- fructose is made using isomerases. Fructose is sweeter than glucose so less is needed. 1) 2) 3)
Enzymes –biological catalysts that speed up reactions e.g. respiration in the mitochondria
1) Enzyme and substrate
2)Substrate binds to active site
3) Substrate is broken down
Mitosis-used for normal cell growth
1) Parent cell
2) Chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
3)They line up along the centre
4) They move apart
5)Two daughter cells form each with 46 identical chromosomes to the parent cell
Meiosis –used to make the sex cells (gametes)
-the chromosomes are copied
-cell divides twice to give four cells
Heart pumps blood around the body
Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Veins transport blood into the heart
Capillaries exchange materials with tissues
Enzymes and digestion
Large molecules are broken down so they
can be absorbed.
-Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
-Proteases breakdown proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
-Lipases breakdown fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.

9. Used in lungs O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into lungs
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
Cell growth
Light and chlorophyll are also needed
Cell division
3 Limiting factors -light
-temperature
-CO2
At first as CO2
increases so does photosynthesis
but only up to a certain point
Here light or temperature is the limiting factor.
Cell expansion
Cell differentiation