1. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 1 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: UWB-IR (Impulse Radio) system proposed for the Low Rate alt-PHY (802.15.4a) Date Submitted: Jan., 2005 Source: Benoit Miscopein (1), Patricia Martigne (2), Jean Schwoerer (3) Company: France Telecom R&D Address: 28 Chemin du Vieux Chêne – BP98 – 38243 Meylan Cedex - France Voice: (1) +33 4 76 76 44 03, (2) +33 4 76 76 44 23, (3) +33 4 76 76 44 83 E-Mail: (1) benoit.miscopein@francetelecom.com, (2) patricia.martigne@francetelecom.com, (3) jean.schwoerer@francetelecom.com Abstract: Complete proposal for 802.15.4a Purpose: This document is a presentation of a complete proposal for the IEEE 802.15.4 alternate PHY standard Notice:This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15

2. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 2 Commonalities with Other Proposals Many commonalities exist between proposals, including at least FT, CWC/AetherWire/LETI/STM and Mitsubishi, as all of these share similar views about: – UWB technology – Bandwidth usage – Ranging approach Discussions are under way for future collaborations and merging

3. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 3 UWB Technology Impulse-radio (IR) based: –Very short pulses  Reduced ISI –Robustness against fading –Episodic transmission (for LDR) allowing long sleep-mode periods and energy saving Low-complexity implementation

4. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 4 Bandwidth Usage Flexible use of (multi-)bands up to 7.5 GHz, depending on application and regulatory environment Use of TH and/or polarity randomization for smoothing of the spectrum Noise-like interference towards existing radio services

5. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 5 Ranging Approach Signal bandwidth  1GHz for very good location accuracy Two-way ranging protocol to avoid synchronization between nodes Location based on ranging from several nodes on a higher layer

6. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 6 Contents Structure of the UWB signal Modulation, coding, multiple access technique Spectrum aspects PHY Frame Structure System dimensioning The transmitter The antenna The receiver Ranging technique UWB prototyping Link Budget

7. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 7 Structure of the UWB Signal "Pure" Impulse radio: Very short pulses. Each pulse (a wavelet) is about 1ns wide in time domain 1GHz bandwidth in frequency domain Pulses are transmitted within slots of Tc each  pulse-spacing = Tc ± TH Pulse width = 1ns

8. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 8 Modulation and coding Bit to symbol mapping : Binary (low speed mode) or quaternary (high speed) bit to symbol mapping. Symbol-to-chip mapping : Each symbol is a sequence of N chips. Symbols are energy-equivalent. 2 (low speed) or 4 (high speed) orthogonal sequences available OOK (On Off Keying) : Chips are OOK-modulated chip = '1'  a pulse is transmitted chip = '0'  no pulse Bit-to- Symbol Symbol- to-Chip OOK Binary data from PPDU Modulated signal

9. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 9 Multiple access Multiple access : TH (Time Hopping). Each Symbol-time (Ts) is divided in N chip-time (Tc). Each chip-time (Tc) is divided in M pulse-time (Tp). A PN-code selects a pulse-time within the chip-time in which a pulse will be transmitted. Each piconet has its own M-ary N-chip-long PN-code, selected in a set of nearly orthogonal sequences, and shared by all the members-devices. Within the piconet : Medium sharing is done via CSMA-CA (slotted if operating in beacon mode)

10. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 10 Spectrum aspects Bandwidth : - At least 1GHz bandwidth (-3dB) Center frequency : 2 options - 4 GHz in the US and FCC-compliant country. - 7 GHz to have easier worldwide regulatory compliance. less potential for (current and future) interference. will cause fewer regulatory issues.

11. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 11 Modulation, coding and multiple access Example : if we choose : - 8 pulse-time of 20 ns each. - Tc = 8*20 = 160 ns chip period. - TH code chip = 8-ary 8-sequence. - 8 pulses transmitted for 1 symbol. - 1 symbol = 1 bit (low speed mode). This means : => a bit period of 8*160ns = 1280ns => PHY-SAP payload bit rate (Xo) = (1/(1280.10 -9 ))*(1000/1024) = 763 kb/s

12. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 12 PHY Frame Structure Example of a standard PPDU data frame : PHY Preamble sequence PHY Header : Frame length MAC Header : Frame control + Sequence nb + Addressing fields MAC footer 4 bytes1PSDU : 32 bytes (e.g.) 218 (e.g.)MSDU Data Payload2 MPDU The Start of Frame Delimiter is suppressed it is replaced by a detection of bit-mapping modification (bit-mapping used for the preamble sequence will differ from the one used otherwise) PPDU = 37 bytes for a 32-bytes standard PSDU

13. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 13 Example of system dimensioning (1/5) Example of a standard PPDU data frame Data frame (37 bytes)ACK t ACK LIFS Next data frame Time for an acknowledged transmission Calculation of the useful rate for the standard 32-bytes PSDU, using "standard" speed (X 0 = 763 kb/s) : t transmission = t data-frame + t ACK + t ACK-frame + t LIFS = 560,64 µs (considering 8 pulses/symbol, 1 symbol=1 bit, and t ACK = 22 symbol-time) This provides a useful rate of (32*8 bits / 560,64µs)*(1000/1024) = 446 kb/s …

14. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 14 Example of a standard PPDU data frame For T 0 = 1 kb/s (1024 bits/s), this useful rate of 446 kb/s (corresponding to the transmission of 32 payload bytes i.e. 256 bits) means that the idle time for the system will be t idle = 249 msec approx. Data frame ACK t ACKLIFS t transmission Transmission N Transmission N+1 Transmission N+2 Transmission N+3 1024 bits in 1 sec t idle Example of system dimensioning (2/5)

15. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 15 Example of a maximum PPDU data frame (127 bytes) Calculation of the useful rate for the 127-bytes PSDU, using "high speed" mode (X 1 = 1526 kb/s) : In this mode, the mapping is made on 2 bit-symbols instead of being made on 1 bit-symbols for MSDU data payload bits, i.e. for (114 * 8) bits. PPDU = (5 bytes) std-speed + (114 bytes) high-speed + (13 bytes) std-speed t data-frame = 768µs t transmission = t data-frame + t ACK + t ACK-frame + t LIFS = 949,76 µs (considering 8 pulses/symbol, and t ACK = 22 symbol-time) This provides a useful rate of (127*8 bits / 949,76µs)*(1000/1024) = 1045 kb/s Example of system dimensioning (3/5)

16. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 16 For T 1 = 500 kb/s (512 000 bits/s), this useful rate of 1045 kb/s (corresponding to the transmission of 127 payload bytes i.e. 1016 bits) means that the idle time for the system will be t idle = 1 msec approx. Data frame ACK t ACKLIFS t transmission Transmission N Transmission N+1 Transmission N+… Transmission N+503 512 064 bits in 1 sec t idle Example of system dimensioning (4/5)

17. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 17 Fixing t idle = 250 µs (minimum required for CSMA-CA) Example of system dimensioning (5/5) Data frame ACK t ACKLIFS t transmission Transmission N Transmission N+1 Transmission N+… Transmission N+(x-1) 1 sec t idle Looking for the maximum aggregate channel throughput : PSDU = 32 octets, std speed – t transmission = 560,64 µs – x = 1234 transmitted packets – Tmax-aggregate = 300 kb/s PSDU = 127 octets, high speed – t transmission = 949,76 µs – x = 834 transmitted packets – Tmax-aggregate = 825 kb/s

18. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 18 Contents Structure of the UWB signal Modulation, coding, multiple access technique Spectrum aspects PHY Frame Structure System dimensioning The transmitter The antenna The receiver Ranging technique UWB prototyping Link Budget

19. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 19 The transmitter Pulse Generator Clock F < 100 MHz Control Logic BaseBand signal RF Signal PSDU Data Guide Line : Keep it Simple – Main Goal : "Low cost & low consumption". – Pulses are generated in baseband. – No mixer, no VCO but pulse shaping. – Simple control logic and "reasonable" clock frequency (Crystal) Pulse shaper PA (option)

20. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 20 Antenna characteristics Frequency band: [3-10] GHz Printed antenna 24x20 mm² Omnidirectional radiation Matching 241068 GHz SWR

21. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 21 Antenna frequency response Antenna gain – @ 3 GHz: G ant = 4 to 5 dB – @ 6 GHz: G ant = 3 dB Considering the losses in the printed antenna, we set G ant = 3 dB in the link budget 3 GHz 6 GHz

22. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 22 The receiver One major guideline : Keep It Simple Energy detection technique rather than coherent receiver, for relaxed synchronization constraints. Threshold detection (no A/D conversion). CThe threshold is set by the demodulation block at each symbol time, if needed. Synchronization fully re-acquired for each new packet received (=> no very accurate timebase needed). Low cost, low complexity

23. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 23 The receiver x2x2 Lowpass filter Threshold Bandpass filter

24. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 24 Packet Acquisition & Synchronization No sliding correlation. PHY preamble sequence of 4 bytes with special bit mapping (all chips are set to 1). Maximize the preamble energy. Every signal peak exceeding the treshold is acquired. Triggers shall match arrival times defined by TH-Code. Cost-effective synchronization. Synchronization is fully re-acquired for each new packet No need to maintain accurate timebase between packets.

25. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 25 Packet Acquisition & Synchronization The synchronization algorithm detects the threshold crossings and updates a assumption matrix, which can also be viewed as a tree exploration i Detected edge for t_pos(i) i No edge detection for t_pos(i) ? 2 3 43 4 Δ1,2 Δ2,3 Δ3,4 Δ2,3 Δ3,4 ? = 1 Time base origin determination Δi,j = Known time offset between the pulses appearance, with respect to the TH code.

26. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 26 Packet acquisition & Synchronization The threshold level is set to detect a number of crossings consistent with the expectations. For any tested Channel Model, the synchronization is properly acquired (during the Synch preamble) Measured accuracy is around several tens of ps.

27. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 27 Performance simulations Simulations done with a C++ simulator only BER simulations performed, each data point averages 10 channel realizations. One operating piconet simulations for CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM5 CM1 realizations do not provide any error in the simulated range Range are computed with a 20xlog(D) relation.

28. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 28 Proposed ranging technique Ranging capability based on the TOA/TWR technique Ranging capabilities with fine precision : system with an 1 GHz bandwidth, leading to an expected ranging accuracy of 30 cm. Based on the synchronization acquisition algorithm, aiming at detecting the direct path – The synchronization acquisition looks efficient, even in difficult environments (CM4) – Direct path detection is likely to be possible, thanks to a long synchronization preamble (15 dB can theoretically be compensated), if the RF front-end sensibility enables this detection

29. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 29 Proposed ranging technique Not yet fully tested. Acquisition of a common time reference, thanks to 2 successive steps between initiator and responder – Short packets exchange (to get a first range measurement) – Responder device sends a Channel Sounding Frame (CSF) afterwards, to refine the measurement (first path selection), at initiator side. Can also be used for mutualized measurements, where the differents initiators can use the same CSF (e.g. inscription of a new device in the piconet), for free

30. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 30 Proposed ranging technique A Request ACK Channel Sounding Frame Z Tw T>Tg B Tw ACK Request Tw ACK Request N t

31. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 31 Energy Detection uses exactly the same algorithm as synchronization, processes 1 byte of data instead of the 4-byte-packet synchronization preamble (which is twice more energetic than data) About 9 dB less efficient than packet synchronization. Consistent with ED requirements for IEEE 802.15.4 (at most 10 dB above sensivity)

32. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 32 Clear Channel Assessment Introduction of a new value for the PhyCCAMode to allow a channel virtual listening operation (VLO) PhyCCAMode = 4 The CCA is made by Energy Detection (ED) In beaconed or non beaconed systems, an active listening is processed at each Backoff period to get potentially addressed packets. In PhyCCAMode = 4 – Signal detection and acquisition – Decode the framelength byte, the ACKrequest bit and the adress fields to arm a VLO timer, including the Tack_max, if the packet is not addressed to the device – In this case, any PLME-CCA.request leads to a PLME-CCA.confirm{BUSY}, during this time

33. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 33 Clear Channel Assessment Detection of a "competing" packet, by reading Framelength, ACKreq and address fields Set a VLO vector = Framelength+Tack_max+ACKlength (if needed) PLME-CCA-request BUSY t PLME-CCA-request ED measure Slot Backoff period ACK

34. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 34 Clear Channel Assessment Introduction of the VLO is valuable to lower the collision risks and the power consumption as TRX is shut down during VLO The ED is performed by the signal acquisition block : can discriminate – Clear channel – Intrapiconet activity : PLME-CCA.confirm{BUSY} – Interpiconet interference : PLME-CCA.confirm{IDLE}

35. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 35 Summary of 802.15.4 MAC Modifications aBaseSlotDuration240 symbol time instead of 60 aBackoffPeriod80 symbol time instead of 20 CCAmodeMode 4 (with VLO enabled) added Frame Type subfield000Beacon 001Data (low speed) 010ACK 011MAC Command 100Data (high speed) 101Data (optionnal very high speed)

36. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 36 PHY prototyping Besides simulations, we also developed a working prototype for such a PHY layer. The main guideline was the use of COTS components, amenable to high density integration We developed a full TX plateform, compliant with our proposal The RX processing is partially taken in charge by a Digital Sampling Oscilloscope, on which our C++ receiver code is run – Enveloppe detector – Synchronization acquisition – Demodulation

37. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 37 PHY prototyping The pulse generation is based on high speed logic, and the doublet is formed by a Wilkinson power coupler Features: – 600 ps, – 400 mVpp, – Bw = 3.5 GHz

38. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 38 PHY prototyping The TX control logic is implemented on a 10 kGate FPGA – Modulation, – Frame building, – Multiple access

39. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 39 PHY prototyping Results – Meets the spectral bandwidth and raw bit rate specifications, and integrated TX is proven feasable – Synchronization acquisition and demodulation operate in "real life" – On the RX side, we are testing an enveloppe detector, whose simulations are consistent with our sensibility expectations

40. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 40

41. Jan. 2005 France Telecom doc.: IEEE 802. 15-05-0014-02-004a Submission Slide 41 Meets the 802.15.4a objectives We presented a system, optimized for : – Energy – Cost – Technical complexity Early simulations tend to prove the validity of such a PHY layer The proof of concept of the prototype highlights very interesting features concerning the ability to define a low cost system – use of a reasonable frequency clock (50 MHz) – 8 chips are transmitted per binary symbol, for redundancy and hence robustness : very simple coding technique.