1. Warm-Up 3/5 #16
Sketch the following cell and label as many parts as you can.

2. C. regulates what enters and leaves the cell D. packages E. Storage
Review!! Yes, you need to write all of the organelles names and function
Match the cell organelle with the correct function
1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplast
3. Cell Membrane
4. Ribosomes
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
6. Golgi Body
7. Lysosomes
8. Vacuole
A. digestion
B. protein synthesis
C. regulates what enters and leaves the cell
D. packages
E. Storage
F. Energy (Respiration)
G. Photosynthesis
H. Synthesize lipids and proteins, transport, and communicate

3. Unit 6 – Cell Physiology
Cells are the basic unit of life therefore they must eat, breathe, excrete and maintain homeostasis (balanced internal conditions). To do these things, cells must transport substances across their membrane to regulate life processes to stay alive!

4. Cell Transport: -- Moving substances a cell needs in and letting wastes out of the cell; this can occur PASSIVELY or ACTIVELY
Cell Membrane: The barrier that surrounds ALL cells. It is a phospholipid bilayer AND is selectively permeable.
inside cell
outside cell

5. Proteins act like doors in the cell membrane!
Pores: SMALL holes that allow certain things to cross the membrane
Transport Proteins: proteins specifically shaped to move large things in and out
protein channels in bi-lipid membrane

6. Protein channels Proteins act as doors in the membrane
channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane
HIGH
Donuts!
Each transport protein is specific as to the substances that it will translocate (move).
For example, the glucose transport protein in the liver will carry glucose from the blood to the cytoplasm, but not fructose, its structural isomer.
Some transport proteins have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane -- simply provide corridors allowing a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane.
These channel proteins allow fast transport.
For example, water channel proteins, aquaprorins, facilitate massive amounts of diffusion.
LOW

7. Examples: Diffusion of water Diffusion (Osmosis)
Passive Transport: movement of molecules across the membrane from a high to low concentration. NO ENERGY REQUIRED!
Examples: Diffusion of water Diffusion (Osmosis)

8. Diffusion: the spreading out of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
Is possible because molecules are always randomly moving and colliding
No energy required because molecules are moving WITH the concentration gradient
When the molecules are spread throughout the space evenly, this is called EQUILIBRIUM.
Diffusion is how our lungs take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide wastes
Osmosis Animation

9. Diffusion depends on a Concentration Gradient:
A concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a substance on two sides of a permeable barrier
Concentration is the
amount of substance
present in a mixture
or solution

10. Osmosis: the movement of WATER across a membrane from high to low concentration
Osmosis is PASSIVE transport- NO energy is used.
Water molecules are found on both inside and outside the cell, WATER moves from a high to low concentration.

11. A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent
A solution is composed of a solute and a solvent. The solute is what is dissolved in the solvent. For osmotic solutions, the solvent is always water. The solutes are usually salt or sugar.

12. Another Example of Osmosis

13. To determine how a cell will react you must:
First- Look at how much solute is dissolved in the water on either side of the cell.
Second- Find the side with the most water and least amount of solute. Water will flow ‘downstream’ from there (high to low).

14. 3. Real-life EXAMPLES of osmosis:
Plants use osmosis to take in water they need for photosynthesis
If you pour salt on a slug water diffuses out of the slug and causes it to shrink
Vegetables in the grocery store are sprayed with water to keep them crisp
Draw arrows to show what will happen to the cell below.
Kidney dialysis for patients with kidney disease
A dialyzer removes waste products from a patient's blood through a semi-permeable membrane, and passes them into the dialysis solution tank. The red blood cells being larger in size cannot pass through the membrane and are retained in the blood. Thus, by the process of osmosis waste materials are continuously removed from the blood. Plants use osmosis to take in water they need for photosynthesis
Draw arrows to show what will happen to the cell below.
Solution around the cell:
85% water
15% salt
95% water
5% salt

15. Factors that affect cell transport include:
Amount of solute across the membrane (concentration gradient)
temperature (higher temperatures=faster diffusion)

16. Cell Adaptations for survival in a FRESHWATER environment:
A cell that lives in freshwater, like a protist called PARAMECIUM is surrounded by HIGH concentration of water. This means water is constantly moving INTO their cells which could be a problem. The ADAPTATION they have is called a CONTRACTILE VACUOLE. This allows them to pump out excess water.

17. Cell Adaptations for survival in a SALTWATER environment:
An organism that lives in a saltwater environment is always in a LOW concentration of water and is constantly losing water. ADAPTED by being able to take up water (drink the salt water and can eliminate excess salt through their gills)

18. Diffusion Osmosis Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Example of Passive Cell transport
Osmosis
Movement of water from high to low concentration
Example of Passive Cell transport

19. Keeping water balance
Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss
freshwater
balanced
saltwater

20. Active Transport: when molecules are moved from low to high concentrations (against concentration gradient)
REQUIRES ENERGY!!
Example: Sodium-Potassium Pump – 3 sodium pumped out and 2 potassium pumped inside

21. Examples of Active Transport
digestion of food in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose. The glucose is absorbed by active transport into the villi, to be passed into the bloodstream and taken around the body.
Phagocytosis (cell-eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking)

22. Cell Transport summary
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
ATP
active transport

23. Warm Up 3/6
___________ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Anything coming into or leaving a cell must pass through the ______________.
___________ is the movement of WATER from a high to low concentration.
Passive cell transport is when things move in our out of the cell with the concentration gradient and does not require ___________.
___________ cell transport is when things move from low to high AGAINST the concentration gradient and this requires energy.
A cell contains MORE salt than its environment. Salt CANNOT pass through the membrane. The cell will __________.
What will happen to the cells of a freshwater fish if it is placed into salty seawater?
Why do grocery stores constantly spray their vegetables with water?

24. Sketch the following example and draw what will happen to the water level.
Explain WHY this is happening.
A paramecium is an aquatic unicellular organism that pumps water out. Is this active or passive transport and WHY?

25. Flashcard Warm-Up Define the word Producer.
Write a synonym for the word producer.
What process takes place within the chlorplasts of producers?
Explain the role of a producer in a food web.

26. Warm-up March 9 # Cellular Respiration 
This process takes place in ALL living cells to create ENERGY in the form of ATP.
-takes place in the mitochondria
-the chemical equation is the opposite of photosynthesis
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide+ water + energy
C6H12O6 O2
CO2
H2O
ATP  +

27. Energy production is vital for maintaining homeostasis:
ATP : Adenosine triphosphate, the form of energy the form of energy ALL living cells use
ATP has energy stored in the chemical bonds between 3 phosphates – breaking phosphate releases energy
Energy is released when a bond is broken
Product : ADP + Phosphate
Energy Recycled: More energy available to add 3rd phosphate

28. { { { ATP A Body’s Energy Budget make energy eat food synthesis1
make energy
• energy needed even at rest
• activity
• temperature control {
ATP
eat food
• growth
• reproduction
• repair { 2
synthesis
(building)
• glycogen (animal starch)
• fat { 3
storage

29. Cellular Respiration: happens in ALL cells to get ENERGY
Site of Respiration: in eukaryotic cells (BOTH plant and animal) – in the organelle mitochondria
The chemical equation is the opposite of photosynthesis
Equation:
C6H O CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide+ water + energy
C6H12O6 O2
CO2
H2O
ATP  +
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS

30. Two Types of Cellular Respiration:
Aerobic Respiration: uses oxygen to break down sugar, takes longer but makes LOTS of ATP
Gas Released: Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
(What organisms use the gas?) Producers turn CO2 and H2O into food
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide+ water + energy
C6H12O6 O2
CO2
H2O
ATP  +

31. Anaerobic Respiration (also called FERMENTATION): when no oxygen is present – faster, but LESS ATP
Sore muscles are a result of anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid .
Two Types of Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic fermentation: used by plants, fungi, bacteria. Makes CO2, H2O and ATP, but also alcohol
Lactic Acid fermentation: used by SOME animal cells, makes CO2, H2O and ATP, but also lactic acid

32. Warm-up 3/6 Photosynthesis Plants are also called
autotrophs or producers.
They use energy from the
Sun and convert carbon dioxide and water into CHEMICAL energy (sugar) and release
oxygen

33. How does energy from the sun become energy for life?
Photosynthesis: happens in producers to get food
Site of Photosynthesis: in plant/plant-like cells – in the organelle chloroplast
Pigment: chlorophyll absorbs light to make food
Equation:
PRODUCTS
REACTANTS
NO DIRECT ENERGY MADE!!

34. Gas Released: oxygen
Food: glucose (sugars made)
Stored: as starch in the vacuole or in parts of plants (roots, stems)
Reason: Will be later used in Cellular Respiration or eaten by animals

35. 3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
1- Temperature
2-Amount of carbon dioxide
3-Amount of sunlight

36. Ticket out the door sketch in warm ups
Sketch the following example and fill in the boxes.

37. Quiz Diffusion energy (ATP) mitochondria Osmosis cell membrane shrink
Swell stay the same Active
Sugar oxygen carbon dioxide
___________ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Anything coming into or leaving a cell must pass through the ______________.
___________ is the movement of WATER from a high to low concentration.
Passive cell transport is when things move in our out of the cell with the concentration gradient and does not require ___________.
___________ cell transport is when things move from low to high AGAINST the concentration gradient and this requires energy.
A cell contains MORE salt than its environment. Salt CANNOT pass through the membrane. The cell will __________.
What will happen to the cells of a freshwater fish if it is placed into salty seawater?
The goal of photosynthesis is for plants to make ___________.
Water, sunlight and ________________ are needed for photosynthesis to occur.
The gas RELEASED as a waste PRODUCT of photosynthesis is ___________.

38. ATP What is energy in biology? Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff!

39. Warm-Up March 12 Respiration
Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
The site of respiration in eukaryotic cells is the _____________, which contains folded membranes for increased surface area.
Cells need energy for ________ transport, and other processes such as ____________.
Two types of cellular respiration are:
_________ if oxygen is available
_________ if NO oxygen is available
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second!!!

40. How are they connected? Respiration  Photosynthesis
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 O2
CO2
H2O
ATP  +
Photosynthesis
So, in effect, photosynthesis is respiration run backwards powered by light.
Cellular Respiration
oxidize C6H12O6  CO2 & produce H2O
fall of electrons downhill to O2
exergonic
Photosynthesis
reduce CO2  C6H12O6 & produce O2
boost electrons uphill by splitting H2O
endergonic
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6 O2
light
energy  +
 glucose + oxygen
carbon
dioxide
sun
+ water +

41. Energy cycle ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun CO2 O2 H2O
plants
H2O
CO2
glucose sugars O2
animals, plants
Cellular Respiration
ATP
The Great Circle of Life!
Mufasa?

42. Another view… ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun CO2 O2 H2O
capture light energy
Photosynthesis
synthesis
producers, autotrophs
H2O
CO2
organic molecules food O2
waste
waste
waste
consumers, heterotrophs
digestion
Cellular Respiration
ATP
release chemical energy

43. “Burn fuels” to make energy
combustion
making heat energy by burning fuels in one step
CO2 + H2O + heat
fuel (carbohydrates) O2
aerobic respiration
making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps
Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water
ATP
food (carbohydrates) O2
ATP + CO2 + H2O (+ heat)

44. Energy needs of life Animals are energy consumers
What do we need energy for?
synthesis (building for growth)
reproduction
active transport
movement
temperature control (making heat)
Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!

45. What do we need to make energy?
The “Furnace” for making energy
mitochondria
Fuel
food: carbohydrates, fats
Helpers
oxygen
enzymes
Product
ATP
Waste products
carbon dioxide
then used by plants
water
Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices!
food
ATP
enzymes
CO2
H2O O2

46. The poetic perspective
All of the solid material of every plant was built out of thin air
All of the solid material of every animal was built from plant material
sun
air
Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants… are really strands of air woven together by sunlight!

47. Ticket Out the Door
1. Where does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotic cells?
2. What is the most important product made at the end of respiration?
3. How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?
4. How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

48. Ticket out the door
Sketch the following cells and explain the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.

49. 1. What are the needs of the plant for survival?  
2. What are the needs of the snail for survival?
3. In what ways does the snail need the plant for survival? 
4. Does the plant need the snail for survival? Why or why not? 
5. If you had to choose one as more important, which would you pick and why?
6. Describe how photosynthesis and respiration work together to provide the needs of all organisms.
7.Give at least TWO REASONS why photosynthesis and respiration are often described as being the “opposite” of each other.  a. b.

50. High (Hot) Temperature
Data
Effect of Various Factors on Yeast Respiration
Factor Affecting Respiration
Height of Bag (mm)
None – Control Group
High (Hot) Temperature
Low (Cold) Temperature
Acidic (Low) pH
Basic (High) pH
Different Food Source (Starch not Sugar)
No Food Source

51. Big Unit Review
Choose two vocabulary words that were not part of your assigned vocab and draw a picture for them.
Choose three words and write a sentence with them.
Create two questions of your own and answer ONE of them.
Create a news headline and paragraph about a major topic from this unit.

52. 1st Period Record your day 2 data in your data table
Acid present – YELLOW
Base present – PINK
Neutral- ORANGE
If CO2 decreases, solution will turn pink.
If CO2 increases, solution will turn yellow
Use your data to complete the analysis questions! Due tomorrow!