1. What is Karl Landsteiner credited with discovering?
Hematology
What is Karl Landsteiner credited with discovering?

2. Blood Composition

3. Key Terms Anticoagulant: an agent that prevents the clotting of blood.
Examples are EDTA, Citrate and Heparin
Capillary: small blood vessel that connects arterioles and venules
Hematoma: a subcutaneous mass of blood at a venipuncture site

4. Key Terms Hemoglobin: the oxygen carrying molecule of red blood cells
Hemolysis: the breakdown of red blood cells, with the release of hemoglobin into the plasma or serum. Cannot use hemolyzed samples in lab tests
Icteric: jaundiced; dark yellow or greenish serum or plasma

5. Key Terms
Lipemic: having abnormally high level of fat. Milky looking samples
Plasma: pale yellow part of whole blood; contains all clotting factors
Serum: liquid portion of blood without the protein fibrinogen, which is one of the clotting factors; clot removed

6. Key Terms
Agglutination: the clumping together of rbc by the action of an antibody
When A cells are added to a blood sample, agglutination will occur only in the presence of anti-A
Serology: the study of antigen – antibody reactions using laboratory tests

7. Function of Blood Transporting fluids such as:
Nutrients from digestive tract
O2 from lungs
Waste from cells
Hormones
Aids in heat distribution
Regulates acid-base balance

8. Composition of Blood Plasma: liquid portion of blood w/out cells
Contains all of the following
Water Nutrients
Electrolytes Metabolic waste product
Hormones Vitamins and enzymes
Plasma proteins such as fibrinogen, albumin and globulin

9. Composition of Blood: Erythrocytes
Red blood cells are responsible for:
Transport of oxygen and nutrients
Removal of waste and CO2 from the cells
Distribution of heat
Hemoglobin: the O2 carrying potential

10. Composition of Blood: Leukocytes
WBC are responsible for:
Phagocytosis – to engulf and absorb waste material and harmful microorganisms in the blood stream and tissues
Synthesis of antibody molecules
Inflammation process
Production of heparin – component found in lung and liver tissue which have the ability to prevent clotting of blood.
Heparin used in the treatment of thrombosis

11. Cell Morphology
Platelet
Lymphocyte
Segmented Neutrophil
rbc

12. Composition of Blood: Leukocytes
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

13. Composition of Blood: Thrombocytes
Platelets – the smallest of the solid components of the blood
Responsible for the clotting process
Coagulation: term for clotting
Embolism: a blood clot which is moving through the body

14. Forensic Characterization of Blood
1st questions a criminalist has to answer is:
Is it blood
If yes, is it human
If yes, can it be associated w/ a particular person
Preliminary color test for blood is the Benzidine color test but this is carcinogenic so phenolphthalein is used and is known as the Kastle-Meyer Color test

15. Forensic Characterization of Blood
Hemoglobin possesses peroxidase like activity which when mixed with phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide it will cause the formation of a deep pink color
Kastle-Meyer is not specific for blood as some vegetables such as potatoes and horseradish contain peroxidase and can react; however they should not be common at a crime scene so it is often considered a good indicator

16. Forensic Characterization of Blood
Hemastix strips can also be used to detect the presence of blood
Luminol test is another presumptive test for blood which produces light rather than a color reaction. Objects being tested must be in a dark location to view the luminescence (emission of light).
Extremely sensitive and can detect blood diluted up to 300,000 times
Luminol will not interfere with other DNA testing

17. Forensic Characterization of Blood
Once blood is found it must be determined to be human
Precipitin test is the standard test
Reagents are available to determine if blood is dog, cat or deer
A positive test is a cloudy ring or band at the point where the two liquids meet
Only a small amount of sample is required
Precipitin test is very sensitive and can test positive on a sample as old as 10 years
Extracted tissue samples from mummies as old as 4,000 years have tested positive

18. Forensic Characterization of Blood
Gel diffusion is another method which can be used.
Antigen and antibody assay
Gel electrophoresis can also be used to determine if a sample is human blood or not
Uses electrical current and ppt. line forms where the two samples meet if it is a positive reaction

19. Blood Types Four Major Groups
A B AB O
Blood types are inherited from your parents
Antigen is present on the red blood cell; typing is done w/rbc
Antibody is present in the plasma; antibody screening done on plasma

20. Blood Types O negative AB positive
Universal donor
It carries no antigen
AB positive
Universal recipient
It carries no antibodies in the plasma
43% of population are O, 42% A, 12% B and 3% AB

21. Rh Factor (D antigen): found on the surface of rbc
Rhesus factor: discovered in rhesus monkeys in 1937
Can be phenotypically positive or negative
Positive is dominant over negative
If positive is present, then you will express positive phenotype ++ +- -- + -
_ _ +- + +

22. Blood Types: ABO Controlled by GENETICS!!!!! Two Categories AB BO AO
ABO and Rh
A O B AB BO AO OO O
A B
A O AA AB BB A A AA AO OO B O

23. Blood Types: What Ag do they have?
A positive blood has which Ag present on rbc?
A antigen and Rh antigen
B negative blood has which Ag present on rbc?
B antigen
AB + blood type has which Ag present?
Both A and B Ag and Rh antigen on the rbc

24. Who can donate to whom?
A + donor: what blood types can this pt. receive?
A+, A-, O+, O-
Your blood type is B-, what blood types can donate to you?
B- and O AB- as a last resort

25. ABO Blood Types

26. Agglutination Reactions

27. Anti-A
Anti- B
Anti-A & Anti B A
Yes No B AB O

28. Examples of ABO blood typing
O negative carries no Ag and therefore does not react with any Anti A, B, AB
Pos reaction
Neg reaction

29. Rh Antigen and Antibody Interaction
Anti- Rh
Rh +
YES
Rh - NO

30. Normal Ranges RBC: female 3.6-5.0x106mm3
WBC: x103mm3 (African Americans is sltly lower 3.2 is still normal)
HCT: female 36-48% male 42-52%
Hgb: female g/dL male g/dL
Platelets: x103mm3

31. Blood Cell Maturation

32. Blood Splatter Analysis
Location, distribution, and appearance of blood stains are an important part of forensics
Investigators try to determine:
Direction
Dropping distance
Angle of impact
Splatter analysis is often used for crime scene reconstruction

33. Blood Splatter Analysis
Factors which influence stain patterns are:
Surface texture
Direction of travel
Pointed end of bloodstain always faces its direction of travel
Angle of impact is determined by measuring the degree of circular distortion of the stain
Blood striking a surface at right angles gives rise to a nearly circular stain
As the angle decreases, the stain becomes elongated in shape

34. DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Found in the nucleus 46 chromosomes
25,000 genes
Structure determined by Crick and Watson
DNA fingerprinting by Alec Jeffreys

35. Structure of DNA A polymer made of repeating nucleotides
Nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine)
Double stranded, helical
Complementary base
pairing, A=T, G=C

36. DNA at Work
DNA in nucleus is copied into a strand of RNA (transcription)
RNA is read at the ribosome to make assemble amino acids into proteins (translation)
Every 3 bases on DNA
codes for a different
amino acid

37. Replication of DNA
Replication – the synthesis of new DNA from existing DNA in the nucleus
DNA polymerase assembles
new DNA strand and proof-
reads it
Replication occurs in nucleus prior to cell division

38. Polymerase Chain Reaction
A technique for replication, or amplifying, a portion of DNA outside
the cell
Each cycle doubles
the number of copies
x107 in 30 cycles

39. DNA Typing with Tandem Repeats
Region of chromosome that contains multiple copies of a core DNA sequence arranging in a repeating fashion between the coding regions (genes)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms used enzymes to cut the DNA around these tandem repeat sites and then run them on a gel electrophoresis
A Southern blot was then performed and radioactive probes were hybridized to help visualize the RFLPs

40. RFLPs

41. PCR PCR has the following advantages: 1. PCR can use shorter sequences
2. shorter pieces more stable
3. smaller amounts of DNA can
be used (10-9 gram)

42. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
A region of a DNA molecule that contains short segments of 3-7 repeating base pairs.
Generally less than 450 bp long
Less degradation
Can be PCR’d
Can multiplex a large number of these STRs at once
US uses 13 STRs for tests

43. Capillary electrophoresis
Sex Identification by focusing on the
amelogenin gene