1. Oh what a lovely structure! I will learn to structure my narratives for optimum effect. I will be able to: Delay the reader Use flashbacks Use foreshadowing Build up to a deliberate ending: link your first paragraph to the last Use sub-texts

2. This is your timer You have one minute to structure your paper into something spectacular.

3. Terminology Quiz! 1.What is grandiloquence? 2.What is florid writing? 3.What is the name given to writing that attacks something? 4.What is juxtaposition? 5.What is foreshadowing?

4. Mark Scheme The narrative is complex and sophisticated and may contain devices such as sub-texts, flashbacks and time lapses. Cogent details are provided where necessary or appropriate. Different parts of the story are balanced and the climax carefully managed. Sentence sequences are sometimes arranged to produce effects such as the building up of tension or providing a sudden turn of events.

5. Sub-texts: what’s really going on in this conversation? Wife: Here, have some lettuce. Husband: I don’t want lettuce! Give me that cheese. Wife: No, I really think you ought to eat the lettuce. It’s yummy. Husband: Cheese beats lettuce. Wife: True but you ate a lot of cheese yesterday. Why don’t you try this? Then we could make it into a salad for your lunch.

6. …and this one? Man: I’m so excited we’re moving in together. I love you. Woman: Me too. Is that the wardrobe? Man: Yes. I’ve cleared all this space for you. Woman: It doesn’t seem a lot. I don’t know if I’ll fit everything in. Man: Don’t worry, I can make more space. Woman: Where? Everywhere is cluttered. Man: I’ll find a way. Woman: Well what if you can’t and I move all my stuff and it won’t fit in? Then what will happen?

7. Have a go! The skills: Have your character say one thing but imply another OR Create a SYMBOL/METAPHOR which represents something else. In pairs, try to create a conversation using sub-text in answer to the following question: Write a story entitled ‘Into the Wilderness’.

8. Build up to a deliberate ending ‘That’s going to be important’. What do these beginning/endings highlight? FilmBeginningEnding DriveMan driving alone Wizard of OzDorothy singing ‘Somewhere over the rainbow’ Dorothy saying ‘There’s no place like home!’ Die Hard 4.0Bruce Willis a fat, watches a lot of TV and is bored. Bruce Wilis is miraculously healthy, muscley and is wearing a suit.

9. Skills: Set up your character to learn something/change their mind. Link the ending to the beginning via juxtaposition or reflecting back to it: highlighting to the reader how far (or not) the character has come.

10. Foreshadowing When a minor event at the start of the story symbolises or prepares the reader for a major event at the end of the story. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Cq8V0HzJZY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9irH7ruetdo The skills: Give the reader information at the beginning which will shape their reaction to a later event. Actually show the event happening in a different way/different circumstance. Exaggerate something as being so perfect the reader can guess it won’t last.

11. Flashbacks: where should we add one and what should it explain? 1.Man is sitting on a park bench. 2.A woman comes and sits next to him: she is pregnant. 3.The woman begins to cry because she doesn’t want to be pregnant. 4.The man hits the woman. 5.The woman is shocked but isn’t hurt. 6.The man apologises and explains what happened to him. 7.The woman realises she is happy to be pregnant. 8.The part happily.

12. Delay the Reader Don’t tell them a key bit of information. Where you are Something terrible you’ve just done Something unusual about your situation Something you’re about to do A secret Your relationships aren’t what they seem

13. Write a story about a survivor. November 2011. Use the war narrative structure as a starting point. Due in: Thursday 18 th April 2013

14. Dramatising Structure 1)Watch the play 2)Note down examples of each structural technique 3)Make up your own!