1. High-Temperature Superconducting Generators for Direct Drive Applications OZAN KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk Institute for Energy Systems The University of Edinburgh April 2011

2. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 2 Superconductor?  Abolish the OHM’s Law Kakani2009 Zero Resistivity

3. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 3 MERCURY  The First Superconductor Material  Discovered in 1911  Critical Temp = 4.2 K (-269 C)

4. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 4 Other Superconductors Schiferl2006 LIQUID NITROGEN?? OH NO!

5. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 5 Infinite Current? Unfortunately NOT. www.superox.ru

6. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 6 YBCO (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 ) Current Density > 200 A/mm2 (5-10 A/mm2 for copper)

7. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 7 Perfect Diamagnetism

8. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 8 Applications: MagLev Train

9. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 9 Applications: Large Hadron Collider  Superconducting Magnets Up to 16 T, Normal PM ~1.5 T

10. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 10 Applications: MRI

11. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 11 Power Applications Courtesy AMSC, InnoPower Superconductor  Transmission Lines  Fault Current Limiter

12. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 12 Power Applications : Electrical Machines Courtesy of Siemens, Converteam (ALSTOM)  Siemens: 400 kW  Converteam (ALSTOM): 5 MW HTS

13. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 13 Power Applications : Electrical Machines  36.5 MW, 120 rpm (U.S. Navy, AMSC) Courtesy of AMSC

14. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 14 Wind Turbine Applications? M. Lesser, J. Müller, “Superconductor Technology – Generating the Future of Offshore Wind Power,” BARD 5MW

15. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 15 Direct-Drive Solutions

16. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 16 Cost Comparison (HTSG vs. PMG) Lesser2009

17. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 17 Types of HTS Machines  Rotating DC Superconducting Field  Most Common Type  Transient Torques on HTS wire  Cryocooler Coupler + Brushes  Low Reliability  Cooling Times  Magnetized Bulk HTS  Very Difficult to Handle  Demagnetization  All Superconducting Machines  AC Losses on HTS wire

18. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 18 Reliability?  Stationary SC Coil  No Cryogenic Coupler  No Brushes  No Transient Torque on SC  Simplified Cooling, Isolation  DC Field  No AC losses  Maximized Current

19. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 19 Homopolar HTSG

20. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 20 Homopolar HTSG

21. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 21 Axial Bipolar HTS Machine

22. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 22 Bonus: Bipolar Linear HTSG  Suitable for WECs

23. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 23 Transversal Flux HTSG

24. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 24 Hasta la Vista! Thanks.