1. El Nino (warming) and La Nina (cooling)
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3. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the area encircling the earth near the equator where winds originating in the northern and southern hemispheres come together.
Solar radiation warms the air over the equator, causing it to rise. The rising air then proceeds south and north toward the poles. From approximately 20° to 30° North and South latitude, the air sinks. Then, the air flows along the surface of the earth back toward the equator.

4. Sailors noticed the stillness of the rising (and not blowing) air near the equator and gave the region the depressing name "doldrums."
The doldrums, usually located between 5° north and 5° south of the equator, are also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ for short.
The trade winds converge in the region of the ITCZ, producing convectional storms that produce some of the world's heaviest precipitation regions.
The ITCZ appears as a band of clouds, usually thunderstorms, that circle the globe near the equator.

5. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds move in a southwesterly direction from the northeast, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they move northwesterly from the southeast.
When the ITCZ is positioned north or south of the equator, these directions change according to the Coriolis effect imparted by the rotation of the earth.
For instance, when the ITCZ is situated north of the equator, the southeast trade wind changes to a southwest wind as it crosses the equator.
The ITCZ moves north and south of the equator depending on the season and solar energy received. The location of the ITCZ can vary as much as 40° to 45° of latitude north or south of the equator based on the pattern of land and ocean.

6. Schematic representation of inertial circles of air masses in the absence of other forces, calculated for a wind speed of approximately 50 to 70 m/s. Plus a map of global Oceanic currents.

7. The Jet Stream – used by air craft to more faster around the globe.

9. The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth's equator.
The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter.

10. Historically, the trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries; and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas, and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
In meteorology, the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and south Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America, Southeast Asia, and India, respectively.

11. 2) Important cause- Trade winds move warm water and air west towards the Caribbean.
Due to the Coriolis Force.
1) Heat from the sun warms the Ocean surface
Thermocline.
layer of water with temperature change:
a layer of water, e.g. in a lake or Ocean, where there is an abrupt change in temperature that separates the warmer surface water from the colder deep water
3) Cold water is pulled upwards, replacing the warm surface water.
3) The cooler water is from the Humbolt (peruvian) current and is nutrient rich.

12. NORMAL CONDITIONS – Key features
During non-El Niño conditions, the Walker circulation is seen at the surface.
Easterly trade winds move water and air warmed by the sun towards the west.
This also creates ocean upwelling off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador and brings nutrient-rich cold water to the surface, increasing fishing stocks.
The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet low pressure weather
Collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms.
The ocean is some 60 centimeters (24 in) higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion.

14. The Thermocline…
“There exists in most ocean areas (apart from polar and sub-polar oceans) a zone where the rate of decrease of temperature is much larger compared with that above and below, hence the definition.”
Depending on the geographical location, the thermocline depth ranges from about 50m to 1000m.
A simplified view is to consider the thermocline as the separation zone between the mixed-layer above, much influenced by atmospheric fluxes, and the deep ocean.
In the tropics, the thermocline can be quite shallow on average, as in the eastern Pacific (50m), or deeper as in the western part ( m).

15. E-N-S-O
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, often called simply ENSO, is a climate pattern
Occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean on average every five years
but over a period which varies from three to seven years, and is therefore, widely and significantly, known as "quasi-periodic." \
ENSO is best-known for its association with floods, droughts and other weather disturbances in many regions of the world, which vary with each event.
Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected.

16. WHAT IS EL NINO?
ENSO is composed of an oceanic component, called El Niño (or La Niña, depending on its phase), which is characterized by warming or cooling of surface waters in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, and…
an atmospheric component, the Southern Oscillation, which is characterized by changes in surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific.
The two components are coupled:
when the warm oceanic phase (known as El Niño) is in effect, surface pressures in the western Pacific are high.
When the cold phase is in effect (La Niña), surface pressures in the western Pacific are low (volatile weather).

17. ORIGINS
In popular usage, El Niño-Southern Oscillation is often called just "El Niño". El Niño is Spanish for "the boy" and refers to the Christ child, because periodic warming in the Pacific near South America is usually noticed around Christmas."La Niña" is Spanish for "the girl."

18. This reduces the efficiency of upwelling to cool the surface and cut off the supply of nutrient rich thermocline water to the euphotic zone
KEY CAUSE - During El Niño the trade winds relax in the central and western Pacific
This leads to a depression of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific, and an elevation of the thermocline in the west.
Storms appear in the central Pacific and a carried by the subtropical jet stream towards the W USA/ Central America/ Andean S America.
The result is a rise in sea surface temperature and a drastic decline in primary productivity
The latter of which adversely affected higher trophic levels of the food chain, including commercial fisheries in this region

19. El Nino

20. El Niño is defined by sustained differences in Pacific-Ocean surface temperatures when compared with the average value.
The accepted definition is a warming or cooling of at least 0.5°C (0.9°F) averaged over the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean.
When this happens for less than five months, it is classified as El Niño or La Niña conditions;
if the anomaly persists for five months or longer, it is called an El Niño or La Niña "episode.”
Typically, this happens at irregular intervals of 2–7 years and lasts nine months to two years.

21. The first signs of an El Niño are:
Rise in surface pressure over the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and Australia
Fall in air pressure over Tahiti and the rest of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean
Trade winds in the south Pacific weaken or head east
Warm air rises near Peru, causing rain in the northern Peruvian deserts

22. Warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.
El Niño's warm current of nutrient-poor tropical water, heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the Humboldt Current.
When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming occurs
Economic impact to local fishing for an international market can be serious.

23. The Southern Oscillation (fluctuation) is the
atmospheric component of El Niño.
It is an oscillation in air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters. The strength of the Southern Oscillation (fluctuation) is measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI).
The SOI is computed from fluctuations in the surface air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia.

24. Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water
This is in part because deep convection over the warm water acts to transport air.
El Niño episodes are associated with negative values of the SOI, meaning that the pressure at Tahiti is relatively low compared to Darwin.

25. Almost a complete reverse of El Nino
Air pressure over Tahiti (mid Pacific) is abnormally high and low over Australia
Westbound Trade wind is strong, carrying warm surface water further west than normal
Storms and heavy rain in Oceana and SE Asia
Equatorial cloud is split in the pacific

26. La Niña is the opposite phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with La Niña sometimes referred to as the cold phase of ENSO and El Niño as the warm phase of ENSO
La Niña (cold) Conditions (December 1998)
Normal Conditions December 1993
El Niño (warm) Conditions December 1997

28. Effects

31. Bleaching of Coral
Mass bleaching events are primarily caused by elevated sea temperatures.
Sea temperature increases of only 1-2° C above the long term average over an extended period of time are enough to trigger these events.
Mass bleaching, or regional bleaching, can be defined as events in which entire reef tracts or regions completely bleach.
The isolated bleaching that occurs from sedimentation events, disease, and pollution, although damaging, does not reach the scale and severity of mass bleaching.
During El Nino years, up to 40% of global Coral stocks can be lost.

32. Impact
El Nino
Location
Nature of Impact
Fires
Indonesia
Drought has led to fires in Indonesia;impact on rainforests Smoke has affected much of South East Asia in 1987; smoke inhaled affects health particularly of children
Dust Storms
Australia
El Nino led to dust storm that blanketed Melbourne
Brush fires followed in the region
Biological/ disease
South West USA
SAfrica
Warmer Wetter weather in west USA encourages pests and spread of disease. E.g. ants, malaria, field mice carrying hantavirus
LESS disease due to drier periods
Fishing
Peru
Japan
Global
California
Reduction in fish stocks off coast due to loss of cold water upwell.
Reduction in Abalone (a fish) due to temp change.
Poultry prices increase as fish meal price increases
Warmer waters than normal can attract fish like Marlin which benefits the sport fishing industry

33. Farming
SE ASIA
India and N Australia
CHILE
Drought, crop failure and affecting livestock
Failure of monsoon rains withering crops and economy
El Nino has extended growing seasons for grapes; also led to a higher acid levels in grapes. Beneficial effects on the aroma and taste of wines.
Flooding/Mudslides
Andean areas in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.
West Coast and Gulf states in the USA
Warm Ocean currents in the eastern pacific increases air temperatures and precipitation. Heavier rain fall leads to rivers bursting banks, flooding and mudslides.
Loss of life, land and buildings. Billions of dollars lost on agricultural and property losses in Gulf states of USA.
Water supplies
Aus
SW USA
Many countries affected by drier conditions face acute water shortages
In El Nino yrs, Australia has had to introduce water conservation measures
Replenishment of Water Supplies in this usually dry area
Heating
Canada and NE USA
There can be economic benefits such as lower heating costs due to milder winters in El Nino years.
Famine and unrest in the population
Bangladesh
Drier conditions have contributed to crop failure and severe shortages of food; these contributed to unrest in malnutrition and poor health.