1. European Antitrust Policy 1957-2004 An Analysis of Commission Decisions EC Competition Enforcement Data, Amsterdam April 10, 2008 Martin Carree Andrea Guenster Maarten Pieter Schinkel

2. 2 Agenda European Antitrust Policy Commission Decisions over Time by Type and Origin Commission Decisions by Type of Economic Conduct Commission Decisions by Economic Sector Enforcement of the Competition Rules Findings of an Infringement Remedies and Sanctions Appeals before the CFI and the ECJ

3. 3 European Antitrust Policy Literature Review Posner (1970, 2001) Gallo et al. (1985, 1986, 2000, 2001) Davies et al. (1999) and Lauk (2002) Gual et al., Harding et al. (2005) Article 81, 82, 86 and Procedural Issues Reg. 17/62 Data (538, 1964-04) Reports of the Commission Decisions Relating to Competition, 1964-98 Report on Competition Policy (1971) - XXXIV Report on Competition Policy (2004) Harding et al. (2005), Ritter et al. (2005), Jones and et al. (2006), Geraldine et al. (2005)

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6. 6 1964-77 Negative Clearance 24% Exemption 28% Infringement 48 % 1978-90 Negative Clearance 15% Exemption 31% Infringement 54% 1991-04 Negative Clearance 7% Exemption 29 % Infringement 64%

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8. 8 1964-77 Notification 70% Complaint 9% Commission 21% 1978-90 Notification 58% Complaint 18% Commission 24% 1991-04 Notification 38% Complaint 24% Commission 24% Leniency 14%

9. 9 Negative ClearanceExemptionInfringement Interim Measure Total Notification 73.25150.75620286 Complaint 1.251.7592499 Commission 131191124 Leniency 00290 Total 75.5155.53025538

10. 10 Horizontal 41% Dominance 9% Licensing 6% Vertical 23% Joint Venture 11% Procedural 6% Article 86 4%

11. 11 Negative ClearanceExemptionInfringementInterim MeasureTotal Horizontal2959131.830219.8 Dominance1045.333.549.83 Licensing10.5 9.830.531.33 Vertical2432.566.51124 Joint Venture1148.52061.5 Article 860516021 Procedural0030.50 Total75.5155.53025538

12. 12 1964-77 Horizontal 48% Dominance 6% Licensing 9% Vertical 22% Joint Venture 7% Procedural 8% 1978-90 Horizontal 37% Dominance 8% Licensing 6% Vertical 28% Joint Venture 12% Procedural 7% Article 86 2% 1991-04 Horizontal 41% Dominance 12% Licensing 4% Vertical 19% Joint Venture 13% Procedural 3% Article 86 8%

13. 13 Negative ClearanceExemptionInfringementTotal Agriculture111113 Mining2.503.56 Manufacturing91.538.5177307 Food & Drinks633140 Textile, Leather & Paper53816 Chemicals24.51149.585 Plastics, Rubber & Glass873449 Metal Products & Engineering4814.554.5117 Electricity & Gas5139 Construction0459 Trade & Hotels6.514.5930 Transport9230.541.5 Banking & Insurance13.55.5726 Communication25.5922.557 Public Service1034 Total155.575.5271.5502.5

14. 14 HorizontalDominanceLicensingVerticalJVArticle 86Total Agriculture 71230013 Mining 6000006 Manufacturing 136.8323.8319.8389.5370307 Food & Drinks1735.514.50040 Textile, Leather & Paper80332016 Chemicals518113.511.5085 Plastics, Rubber & Glass2743114049 Metal products & engineering33.838.837.3347.519.50117 Electricity & Gas 2122209 Construction 8001009 Trade & Hotels 1001.518.50030 Transport 18.510024741.5 Banking & Insurance 211021126 Communication 8.5 5.5417.51357 Public Service 2101004 Total 219.8346.3330.8312361.521502.5

15. 15 1964-77 Food & Drinks 9% Chemicals 23% Plastics, Rubber & Glass 14% Metal products & Engineering 43% Trade & Hotels 9% Communication 2% 1978-90 Food & Drinks 11% Chemicals 20% Plastics, Rubber & Glass 12% Metal products & Engineering 28% Trade & Hotels 10% Communication 8% Banking & Insurance 8% Transport 3% 1991-04 Food & Drinks 8% Chemicals 16% Plastics, Rubber & Glass 9% Metal products & Engineering 13% Trade & Hotels 3% Communication 22% Banking & Insurance 7% Transport 22%

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18. 18 CommissionerPeriodMonthsDecisionsInfringementsDiligence Walter Hallstein (acting) 01/58-06/67113910.08 Jean Rey (acting)06/67-06/70362230.67 Franco M. Malfatti (acting) 06/70-03/722125111.19 Sicco Mansholt (acting) 03/72-01/731013101.30 Francois-Xavier Ortoli (acting) 01/73-07/764325150.58 Raymond Vouel07/76-01/815456401.04 Frans Andriessen01/81-01/854863421.31 Peter Sutherland01/85-01/894877321.60 Leon Brittan01/89-01/934866381.38 Karel van Miert01/93-09/998188410.92 Mario Monti09/99-11/045057 0.74

19. 19 Director GeneralPeriodMonthsDecisionsInfringementsDiligence Meter VerLoren van Themaat 04/58-09/67113910.08 Ernst Albrecht10/67-12/70382550.66 Willy Schleider01/71-04/81124126821.01 Manfred Caspari05/81–12/89107155781.45 Claus Dieter Ehlermann 03/90–04/956188491.44 Alexander Schlaub 05/1995- 08/02 8897601.10 Philip Lowe09/02-12/042738271.41

20. 20 1964-77 Horizontal 53% Dominance 16% Licensing 6% Vertical 25% 1978-90 Horizontal 49% Dominance 15% Licensing 7% Vertical 29% 1991-04 Horizontal 55% Dominance 21% Licensing 0% Vertical 24%

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22. 22 HorizontalDominanceLicensingVertical Sum of Fines1964-7710,5911,6500506 1978-90194,97553,28014515,384 1991-044,456,228850,611795478,898 Average Fine per Case per Firm1964-7745.2108.9012.7 1978-902,223.53,977.32.8528.2 1991-0448,800.250,474.311.421,337.2

23. 23 Marginal CoefficientCoefficientStandard Error Food & Drinks -0.038-0.0960.370 Textile, Leather & Paper -0.125-0.3210.567 Chemicals 0.0590.1480.348 Plastics, Rubber & Glass -0.086-0.2160.396 Metal products & engineering -0.121-0.3030.347 Trade & Hotels -0.308-0.7740.591 Transport -0.218-0.5460.386 Banking & Insurance 0.2800.7550.614 Communication 0.0790.1970.409 Average Party Fine 0.031***0.0770.016 Number of Parties 0.0080.0200.011 Duration 0.0010.002 Recitals 0.002***0.0050.001 Horizontal 0.0410.1020.215 Dominance 0.321***0.8040.281 Vouel -0.026-0.0660.323 Andriessen -0.066-0.1670.328 Sutherland -0.019-0.0490.345 Brittan 0.0630.1570.337 van Miert 0.0470.1190.380 Monti -0.216-0.5600.431 Mean dependent variable 0.46, R²=0.31

24. 24 Conclusion Shows tendencies and changes in composition Historical changes in legal or procedural settings can be seen Case reduction and faster processing achieved Efficiency versus effectiveness? Network Analysis Success of Appeal Handbook DGComp