1. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 1 Project METEOR Design and Optimization of a Small Scale Rocket for Pico- Satellite Launching Team Members: Ray Mulato Joe D’Amato Joel Baillargeon Kent Etienne Guion Lucas Ryan Kuhns

2. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 2 Project Overview Projected Flight Pattern

3. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 3 Hybrid Rocket Classified as utilizing a liquid oxidizer and solid propellant to achieve thrust –Current Oxidizer: Nitrous Oxide (NOX) –Current Propellant: Hydroxyl Terminated Poly-Butadiene (HTPB) –Possible Propellant: Poly-Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA ) Project Overview

4. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 4 Injector Plate Garolite Pre & Post Combustion Chambers 2-D Nozzle Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Fuel Grain Chamber Wall Snap Ring Current Test Chamber Setup

5. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 5 Theoretical Isp for HTPB & NOX  320 s Properties –Efficiency of propulsion system –Ratio of thrust to weight –Change in momentum per unit mass of propellant –Affected by combustion temp, chamber pressure, exit pressure, and mass flow rate Project Deliverable – Specific Impulse

6. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 6 Optimization of: –Nozzle Geometry –Fuel Grain Material Geometry –Oxidizer Flow Rate –Ignition System Data Acquisition –Temperature –Pressure –Thrust Specific Impulse of 220 s Project Objectives

7. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 7 From Guidance Team for controlled flight to 90 km: m fuel = 10kg; m dot = 0.2kg/s; t burn = 50 s; T = 445 N (100 lb) Specification Number Design Specification Unit of Measure Marginal Value Ideal Value 1Specific Impulsesec227300 2Oxidizer/Fuel Ratio-58 3ThrustN445500 4Burn Timesec5060 5Overall Mass Flow Ratekg/s0.20.17 6Mass of Fuel Grainkg1.61.1 7Mass of Oxidizerkg88.75 Project Specifications

8. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 8 Testing Purpose Testing took place December 9 th & 10 th, 2006 Vary Nozzle Geometry to see the effects on thrust Conceivably measure mass flow rate of system –Weigh nitrous oxide tank and fuel grains prior and after each test –Come up with approximate O/F ratios Introduce Team to current design

9. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 9 Results

10. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 10 Testing 11 Degree Half Angle

11. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 11 Testing 11 Degree Half Angle

12. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 12 September 16th, 2006 Test

13. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 13 First Testing – December 2006 Observations –Overall system setup –Ignition system can be inconsistent in terms of time –Oxidizer tank temperature varied considerably from test to test –Teflon tape in feed system was tedious and led to increased time between tests –Brass fittings can be cross-threaded and/or broken easily –Noticeable inaccuracies in current mass flow rate measurement –Power supply was convoluted –8 Degree Half Angle Nozzle design gave the best thrust results –Nitrogen tank regulator was damaged, consistently leaks, had to develop a work around for it Conclusions –Began to reduce time between tests –Steady voltage and current supply is needed to minimize ignition time –A method of controlling internal tank temperature is needed to remove guesswork –Stainless steel can be used in place of brass and teflon combination –Stainless steel fittings in oxidizer feed system should be used –Means of gathering reliable mass flow is crucial – Coriolis flow meter or volumetric flow meter in combination with other values –A generator might be a better means of running the operation –Difficult to draw definite conclusion from this, as multiple variables play a role in thrust –Need to order a more robust regulator

14. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 14 Feed System Equipment Goals of adding additional feed system equipment: –Acquire a reliable value for mass flowrate in order to calculate a number of parameters Regression rate Test Chamber Pressure Oxidizer-Fuel Ratio Oxidizer Mass Velocity –Feedback Pressure Regulator Constant supply pressure leads to overall experimental control Capability to vary supply pressure –Optimization of nozzle for a supply pressure –Gas Tank Heating Blanket Allows for a controlled internal tank temperature –Temperature control leads to internal pressure control

15. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 15 Longer, wider chamber for longer burn and increased thrust Injector plate – redesign hole pattern and sizing in order to increase burn efficiency and completeness Use of Polymethyl Methylacrylate (PMMA) as a solid fuel in place of HTPB – possibly higher thrust Redesign of Pre and Post combustion chambers to minimize viscous losses inside the chamber Redesign of nozzle to take advantage of expansion of hot gas inside the diverging section of the nozzle rather than behind it Redesign of fuel grain to optimize regression rate and thrust (increase surface area exposed to flame) Possible Test Chamber Improvements

16. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 16 Current Feed System

17. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 17 Control of Oxidizer (N2O) Pressure via tank as well as before injector – installation of a feedback regulator Use of Stainless Steel in place of Brass in Nitrous Oxide feed system due to N2O effect on brass components (shorter life, corrosion of surfaces) Use of a tank “stand” to hold oxidizer tank inverted as well as to measure weights (for the current round of testing) Possible Feed System Improvements

18. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 18 Highlighted areas show where changes are being made Proposed Changes to Feed System

19. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 19 Feed System Equipment Test Chamber Pressure Transducer Tee Fitting Mass Flowrate Meter Backflow Pressure Regulator Inline Flow Filter

20. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 20 Design of Experiments Factorial Method vs. One Variable at a Time –Factorial method able to achieve comparable results with fewer tests –Factorial method able to correlate relationships between factors being tested Factor A Factor B LowHigh 3 6 2 1 4 5 Factor A Factor B LowHigh 2 4 1 3 O.V.A.T. Factorial

21. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 21 Design of Experiments NOX Pressure (Pre-Inj.) Length of Fuel Grain Post-Combustion Chamber Nozzle Injector Plate Fuel Grain Additive Fuel Grain Geometery 3 levels (∆ of 50 psi.) 2 levels (11” – 18”) 4 levels (1.5” - 3.0”; ∆ 0.5”) 2 levels 2 levels (4 holes/ 9 holes) 2 levels (Alum. Pwdr/ Non-Alum. Pwdr) 3 levels (Star, Circle, Cross) Independent Test Variables Levels

22. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 22 Design of Experiments Reasons for choosing these variables: –Short lead time for testing –See how pressure, and (L/D) ratio of the fuel grain effects thrust –No prior knowledge of injector plate design –Combustion chamber wasn’t chosen due to the additional changes to the system needed to accommodate that test. NOX Pressure (Pre-Inj.) Length of Fuel Grain Injector Plate Variables In Next Test 3 levels (∆ of 50 psi.) 2 levels (11” – 18”) 2 levels (4 holes/ 9 holes) Levels

23. P07105: Project METEOR - Steel Rocket January 19, 2007 23 Senior Design I Project Plan