1. Rambling on the Private Data Security
Sun Bing
Syscan’08 Hong Kong China
30th May 2008

2. Preface
Nowadays “Private Data Security” has become a very hot topic, especially after the HK entertainment circles celebrity pornogate scandal, so it’s necessary to provide ordinary computer users with knowledges and tools to protect their private data.
A random talk on some “Data Security” related topics, which will mainly focus on the following subjects:
Harddisk Lock Password
EFS vs. Windows Vista Bitlocker
WaterBox Software (Information Leakage Prevention)
Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software/Card

3. Harddisk Lock Password
ATA Security Mode Feature Set
Abusing the Security Feature Set
Harddisk Lock BIOS Configuration of Dell Latitude D620 Laptop
Cracking the Harddisk Lock Password

4. ATA Security Mode Feature Set
A password system that restricts access to user data stored on a device. In addition, access to some configuration capabilities is restricted.
Password
User Password
Master Password
Master Password Capability
High
Maximum
Frozen Mode
The Security Freeze Lock command prevents changes to all Security states until a following power-on reset or hardware reset, the purpose of this command is to prevent password setting attacks on the security system.

5. ATA Security Mode Feature Set (Cont)
Commands
Security Set Password
Security Unlock (requires a password)
Security Erase Prepare
Security Erase Unit (requires a password)
Security Freeze Lock
Security Disable Password (requires a password)
Password Rules
See Table 6
Password Attempt Counter
Counter: set to 5 after a power-on or hardware reset
PasswordAttemptCounterExceeded

6. Password Rules

7. Security States

8. Security State Transitions

9. Security State Transitions

10. Abusing the Security Feature Set
However the current BIOS version of most computers have no or only partial supports of this new security mode feature, which would be a very severe security hole that is exploitable by a malware to lock the hard disk with password stealthily to prevent any further hard disk access after the next power-off.
In such a circumstance, to prevent the “Security Mode Feature Set” from being abused, a third-party pre-boot software is needed, as the format of either a BIOS extension or a bootable CD, which will issue the ATA command “Security Freeze Lock” to the ATA controller/drive to freeze all security settings until the next cold boot.

11. Dell D620 HD PW BIOS Configuration

12. Cracking the Harddisk Lock Password
The harddisk will read the firmware area during the power-on process and determine whether it was locked or not, if locked then any other operation is not allowed before unlocking it with a correct password, since the passwords are stored in the negative tracks of the harddisk (a.k.a, firmware area) other than the drive circuit, it can’t be cracked by simply changing the PCB.
It is said that someone can break this password protection by using the combination of PCB (Print Circuit Board) hot-swap and the supports of some professional harddisk repair tools (MHDD or PC3000 etc).

13. EFS vs. Windows Vista Bitlocker
EFS Introduction
EFS Cracking
Windows Vista Bitlocker Introduction
TPM Introduction
TPM Security Issues

14. EFS Introduction EFS: Encrypted File System Important Keys Used
FEK: File Encryption Key (DESX, AES, or 3DES)
User’s Public/Private Key Pair (RSA)
User’s Master Key (64 bytes)
A Key Derived From User’s Password (3DES)
Components Involved
EFS & NTFS Driver
KSecDD
Lsass (Lsasrv)
CSP

15. EFS Architecture

16. EFS DDF & DRF

17. EFS Cracking The Basic Concept of EFS Cracking:
User’s Password  Derived Key  Master Key  Private Key  FEK  File Data Plaintext
Detailed Cracking Steps:
Get the user’s password by SAM attacking. (pwdump, L0pht Crack etc)
Compute the derived key based on the user’s password.
Decrypt the master key. (%UserProfile%\Application Data\Microsoft\Protect\SID )
Decrypt the private key. (%UserProfile%\Application Data\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\SID)
Decrypt the FEK.
Decrypt the file data.

18. Windows Vista Bitlocker Introduction
Full drive volume encryption.
Integrity checking of early boot components.
Important Keys/Passwords Used:
FVEK: Full Volume Encryption Key
VMK: Volume Master Key
PIN: Personal Identification Number
Clear Key
Restore Key/Password
Startup Key
System Requirements:
TPM v1.21
v1.2 TCG-compliant BIOS
USB Mass Storage Device Class supports
At least 2 volumes (OS/Boot & System Volume)

19. Bitlocker Architecture

20. Encryption Keys In Bitlocker

21. Bitlocker Drive Encryption-Enabled Volume With TPM Protection

22. Bitlocker Drive Encryption-Enabled Volume With Enhanced Protection

23. TPM Introduction TPM: Trusted Platform Module TPM Terminologies
Protected capabilities
Integrity measurement
Integrity reporting
TPM Terminologies
TBB: Trust Building Block
CRTM: Core Root of Trust Measurement (BIOS Bootblock)
PCRs: Platform Configuration Registers
Extend operation: PCR[n] <-- SHA-1 (PCR[n] + measured data)
TPM BIOS Driver (MA/MP)

24. TPM Architecture

25. TPM Components Architecture

26. PCRs Usages Summary

27. Dell D620 TPM BIOS Configuration

28. Dell D620 TPM BIOS Configuration

29. TPM Security Issues
Three Conditions That Make the Chain of Hashes Trustyworthy:
The first code running and extending PCRs after a platform reset (SRTM) is trustworthy and cannot be replaced.
The PCRs are not resetable without passing control to trusted code.
The chain is contiguous. There is no code in between that is executed but not hashed.
TPM Security:
Bootloader bugs (Violates condition 3)
TPM reset (Violates condition 2)
BIOS attack (Violates condition 1, CRTM and TPM MP Driver patchable)
TPMKit? (BlackHat USA 2007)

30. TPM BIOS MP Driver

31. TPM BIOS Driver Header

32. MPTPMTransmit Prototype

33. Waterbox & Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software
Waterbox Software Introduction
Waterbox Software Bypassing
Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software/Card Introduction
Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software Penetration

34. Waterbox Software Introduction
What Is A Waterbox Software?
Information leakage Prevention, a.k.a. Document Security Management (Protection) System.
Popular Waterbox Softwares
FileSECURE (AirZip)
FSD/FSF/FSN/Wrapsody (FASOO)
FD-DSM (Frontier Technology)
CDG (E-SAFENET)
InfoGuard (UNNOO)
NET-LOCK (Sagetech)
Implementation Technique Categories
Peripheral device & network protocol control
File & directory encryption
File format convertion
Remote file storage
Information filter
Application plugin
Kernel mode real-time transparent file encryption/decryption

35. Waterbox Software Bypassing
The Theory of Real-time Transparent File Encryption/Decryption:
The file data are encrypted on disk, and the Waterbox will only decrypt/encrypt the file read/write requests that are issued within some specified process contexts, such as Winword.exe…
Implementation Methods
User Mode: File Win32/Native API hooking (Including Memory Mapping functions)
Kernel Mode: FS Filter driver
Bypassing Steps:
Inject a DLL into the process which can make the Waterbox decrypt files.
Open and read the desired encrypted files.
Pass the decrypted file contents to another process via shared memory.
Write the received file data to disk within that process.

36. Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software/Card Introduction
What Can A Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software/Card Do?
Any modification made on the protected harddisk will be restored automatically upon the next system boot, many internet bar install this kind of softwares to prevent their PCs from being ruined by customers.
Popular Harddisk Protection/Recovery Softwares
DeepFreeze (Faronics)
PowerShadow
PowerUser/PowerServer
Returnil Virtual System (RVS)
Sandboxie

37. Harddisk Protection/Recovery Software Penetration
The Theory of Harddisk Protection/Recovery:
The disk access requests made on the protected disk partitions are intercepted and redirected to other disk locations, for example a hidden reserved disk partition.
Implementation Methods:
DOS time: PCI/ISA Option ROM, intercept BIOS int13h.
Windows: Disk Filter driver, attach on DR0 device object.
Penetration Techniques (Used by Machine Dog virus)
Detach the filter device object that was stacked on DR0.
Create a virtual disk volume object.
Passthrough instruction (DeviceIoControl).
Direct port I/O.

38. Thanks For Watching！ Question & Discussion Time