1. การฟื้นฟูแปลงหญ้า Pasture renovation  ทุ่งหญ้าเสื่อมโทรม ? Deterioration Established pasture Sown a pasture seed Land and seedbed peparation Good animal production Weed invasion Low pasture productivity Soil deterioration & erosion Low animal production Renovation

2. Renovation strategies n Partially renovation - weed control - fertilizer application - stocking rate control & grazing control - oversown pasture species : grass, legumes n Fully renovation - land clearing - seedbed preparation - sown pasture species

3. Weed control n Chemical weed control - Woody weeds ; 2,4,5-T, picloram, triclopyr, tebuthion, glyphosate - Sedge and cyperus ; glyphosate, paraquat, fire, culticvation, twining legumes + P 2 O 5 - Grasses ; glyphosate, paraquat, fire, culticvation, twining legumes + P 2 O 5

4. Weed control (cont.) n Cultivation n Burning n Grazing & Trampling n Biological control : - ผกากรองป่า (Lantana camera) ควบคุมด้วยด้วงมวนปีกใส (Teleonemia serupulosa) และหนอน กินใบ (Hypera strigata) - กระบองเพชร (Opuntia spp.) ควบคุม ด้วยด้วง (Cactoblastis cactorum)

5. Fertilizer management to enhance growth n N 2 enhance grass n P 2 O 5 enhance legumes n complete fertilizer enhance overall growth (good cover to reduce erosion) n liming n rest period of the sward to enhance regrowth

6. Method of sown forage seed into a pasture n oversown n cut and sown n herbiocide spray then sown n burning n hoof cultivation or grazing hard n full cultivation n direct drill

7. References Scanlan, J.C. 1985. Woody weeds control in Northern Australia. in (Martagh, G.J. & Jones, R.M.eds.) Proc. 3rd Australian Tropical Grassland Conferences. Tropicall Grasslands Society Publication No. 3. Brisbane, Australia. Sophanodora, P. 1989. Renovation methods and suggestions for better use of communally managed pasture. Grasslands and Forage Production in Southeast Asia. in (R. A. Halim ed.) 1st Meeting of the Regional Working Group on Grazing and Feed Resources of Southeast Asia. Serdang, Malaysia.