1. Photovoltaic on rooftops
Istanbul

2. Rödl & Partner – Public Management Consulting
Legal
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Management Consulting
The foundation of our dynamic development:
1977 opening of Nürnberg office
Locations today:
Germany:
International: 83
Turkey (Istanbul and Izmir): 2
Employee development:
Employees
Employees
Employees

3. Agenda 1 Market overview 2 Terminology 3 Business models 4 Summary
Letzter Punkt eher offene Diskussion mit Beispiel (Vertragskonzepte, ….), offene Fragen

4. Market overview

5. The Journey of Energy
Quelle: European Smart Grids Technology Platform: Vision and Strategy for Europe's Electricity Networks of the Future, Europäische Kommission [2006]
The journey takes us from large power plants to autonomous quarter-concepts

6. Quarters-Concept in Germany
Rooftop PV Landshut

7. Historical Development of PV in Germany
Quellen
BMWi
Source: BMWi (2019)

8. Solar potential of Turkey
Radiation in Germany
Photovoltaic capacity installed in Germany: 45,3 GW (2018)
Photovoltaic capacity installed in Turkey: 4,7 GW ( 5,4% of 87,1 GW, 2018)
Calculated area required to supply Turkey with PV-power (only energy: km² (not even the area of Istanbul)
Turkey installed capacity 87,1 GW, of which PV 5,4% = 4,7 GW
Flächenberechnung
Turkish Gov: energy data 2018 (für Flächenbeispiel: Sonneneinstrahlung 1,500 kWh/kWp  pro Jahr im Durchschnitt, mit Daten von link 357,4 TWh à Fläche kWh/1500kWh/kWp =   kWp = 238GW zu installierende Leistung; Flächenverbrauch in Freifläche = 20m²/kWp = 4800 km2; Istanbul hat 5.400km2 , Ankara hat 2.500km2)
1500 kWh/kWp
Source: Solar GIS (2019)

9. Power Generation Costs
Power generation costs [€cent2018/kWh]
Achsenbeschriftungen auf deutsch
2 LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Source: Fraunhofer Institute for solar energy systems ISE – Levelized Cost of Electricity (2018)

10. PV Market Outlook Overview of currently available PV systems:
Mature technologies:
Rooftop
Utility scale
Solar Car Port
Cutting edge, innovative designs:
Bifacial
Floating PV
Agro pv
Solar Car e.g. Sonomotors sion
Grafik Quelle:
ITRPV 10th edition 2019 report release and key findings, march 2019; Malaysia

11. Vertical bifacial PV utility scale system
Innovative PV
Vertical bifacial PV utility scale system
Agro PV
Solarwand
Next2sun.com
Agro PV
ww.hannovermesse.de/de/news/next2sun-baut-europas-groessten-bifazialen-solarpark xhtml
Source: Next2Sun, Fraunhofer ISE (2019)

12. Bifacial Noise Protection
Innovative PV
Bifacial Noise Protection
Bifacial Carport
Lärmschutzwand
Source: TNC Consulting AG, Baunetzwissen (2019)

13. Floating PV system applications
Innovative PV
1.133 kWp, Taiwan
9.982 kWp, China
Floating PV system applications
Source: Ciel et Terre(2019)

14. PV Market Outlook World market share of different PV applications
Grafik Quelle:
ITRPV 10th edition 2019 report release and key findings, march 2019; Malaysia
Source: ITRPV 10th edition (2019)

15. Terminology

16. Business Models - Terminology
Feed-in tariff
EEG-surcharge
EEG
Motivation
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit
Die 4 Begriffe nicht übersetzen
Market premium
Self supply

17. Einspeisevergütung – Feed-in Tariff
Regulated in §§ 19 Section 1 Nr. 2, 21 Section 1, 2 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG 2017).
The EEG differentiates the feed-in tariffs by capacity: up to 10 kWp, 40 kWp, 100 kWp.
The EEG differentiates further by building utilization: Residential, non-residential, noise protection walls.
The EEG provides a fixed feed-in tariff for a period of 20 years.
The entitlement to feed-in tariffs also remains in cases where the electricity is stored in a buffer before the grid feed-in. In this case, the entitlement shall refer to the quantity of electricity which is fed from the electricity storage system into the grid system.
Renumerations in cent/kWh - Fixed feed-in tariffs:
Date of commissioning
Residential buildings, noise protection walls and buildings according to § 48 section 3 EEG
Other plants
up to 10 kWp
up to 40 kWp
up to 100 kWp
from
11,47
11,15
9,96
7,93
from
11,35
11,03
9,47
7,84
from
11,23
10,92
8,99
7,76
from
11,11
10,81
8,50
7,68
Source: Bundesnetzagentur (2019)

18. Market premium Surplus from direct selling (if applicable)
Difference to
value to be applied
Market premium
Compensation for grid feed-in (ct/kWh)
EEG-promotion
2-4
ct/kWh
Spot market price
Values to be applied in Cent/kWh – Market premium model (since above 100 kWp obligatory), April 2018:
Residential buildings, noise protection walls and buildings according to § 48 section 3 EEG
Other plants up to 750 kWp
All plants above 750 kWp
up to 10 kWp
up to 40 kWp
up to 750 kWp
11,51
11,21
8,90
8,08
Value to be applied determined through tenders
up to 100 kWp: option between market premium and feed-in tariffs. The value to be applied is smaller by 0,4 ct/kWp for feed-in tariffs.
Highest accepted bid - lowest accepted bid
Feb 2018: 4,59 ct/kWh – 3,86 ct/kWh
June 2018: 4,96 ct/kWh – 3,89 ct/kWh
Okt 2018: 5,15 ct/kWh – 3,86 ct/kWh
Direktvermarktung vs EEG Vergütung bitte nachbauen
Source: Bundesnetzagentur (2019)

19. EEG-Surcharge Regulated in §§ 60 et seq. EEG-Act
The payments to the RES-facilities exceeds the returns from electricity sold
This difference is spread over all consumers through the EEG-surcharge
In 2019, the EEG-surcharge accounted for 6,405 ct/kWh
All consumer are exposed to the EEG-surcharge as a component of the electricity price
The EEG-surcharge differs between electricity consumers. There are special privilges for energy intensive companies. Companies may apply for reductions when their power purchase exceeds 1 GWh per annum
The EEG-surcharge for storage shall not apply if the EEG-surcharge is paid for the electricity fed back into the grid.
By now, EEG-surcharge of 40% has to be paid for self supply from plants larger than 10 kWp

20. EEG-Surcharge Impacts on the amount of the EEG-surcharge:
Quantity and amount of EEG-compensation/market premiums paid to RES-facilities
Spot market prices
Problem: electricity price paradox
Renewable energy generation
Power consumption
Conventional power plants
Electricity price

21. Historical Development of PV in Germany
Quellen
BMWi
Source: BMWi (2019)

22. Structure of household-electricity prices in Germany
Average electricity price for households 2019: 30,22 ct/kWh
Bitte Nachbauen:
Quellen:
BDEW-Strompreisanalyse Januar Haushalte und Industrie, BDEW, Januar
2019
Foto aus Fraunhofer aktuelle Fakten zur PV in Deutschland 2018
All prices in ct/kWh
Source: BDEW-Strompreisanalyse (2019)

23. „Flexible cap“
The flexible cap was introduced as market instrument in the course of the EEG 2012 and successfully contributed to the reduction of the rate of remuneration for photovoltaic (PV) plant
Main trigger is increasing electricity prices, caused by increasing EEG-surcharges as electricity cost component
Basic concept: Determining a target corridor Slight reduction of values to be applied when the gross new-build solar installations stay inside the corridor. Hence, the rate of remuneration decreases faster in times of strong growth and thus large additional installation than in times of slower growth and smaller additional installation
Grafik animierbar einfügen, es müssen nicht alle Degressionsschritte enthalten sein

24. Business models

25. Photovoltaik business models rooftop
Basis Model
Rooftop Leasing Model
PV-Leasing
PPA
Tenant Model
Future Systems

26. Basis model Investor is Owner and Operator Owner Operator Owner Owner
Power supply contract
Owner
Operator
Energy Supply Company
Surplus PV-Grid feed-in
(full EEG-promotion)
Own power consumption:
- no EEG-promotion
- no EEG-surcharge up to 10 kWp
from 10 kWp 40% EEG-surcharge
- no grid use fee
- no electricity tax
- Usage of Battery raises the
share of self-supplies energy
Owner
Reserve and peak-load electricity
delivery (possibly basic supply):
- with electricity tax
- with grid fee
- with EEG-surcharge
NNE = Netznutzungsentgelte
Owner

27. Pure rooftop leasing model
contract
Property owner
PV-plant owner
PV Grid feed-in 100%
(full EEG-promotion)
Owner
Hier müsste doch noch irgendwo die Beziehung zwischen PV Eigentümer und Mieter auftauchen

28. Photovoltaik Leasing Leasing Owner PV-plant owner PV-plant owner Owner
PV-(Partial-)
Leasing contract
Owner
Rooftop leasing
contract
Energy Supply Company
PV-plant owner
Surplus PV-Grid feed-in
(full EEG-promotion)
Own power consumption:
- no EEG-promotion
- no EEG-surcharge up to 10 kWp
from 10 kWp 40% EEG-surcharge
- no grid use fee
- no electricity tax
Leasing contract
- fixed compensation
- Maintenance
PV-plant owner
Reserve and peak-load electricity
delivery (possibly basic supply):
- with electricity tax
- with grid fee
- with EEG-surcharge
@Kai: gibt es hier noch andere Ausführungen
Owner

29. PPA Power Purchase Agreement / Thrid-party contracting Tenant
Power supply contract
Tenant
Rooftop leasing
contract
Energy Supply Company
PV-plant owner
Surplus PV-Grid feed-in
(full EEG-promotion)
Supply with PV-power:
- Price according to PPA
- no EEG-promotion
- with EEG-surcharge
- no grid use fee
- no electricity tax
Owner
Reserve and peak-load electricity
delivery (possibly basic supply):
- with electricity tax
- with grid fee
- with EEG-surcharge
Hier müsste doch noch irgendwo die Beziehung zwischen PV Eigentümer und Mieter auftauchen
Tenant

30. Landlord-to-tenant-model
Power supply contract
Owner
Energy Supply Company
PV-grid feed-in
(with EEG-promotion)
Owner
Reserve and peak-load electricity
delivery (possibly basic supply):
- with electricity tax
- with grid fee
- with EEG-surcharge
Tenant 1
Tenant 2
Tenant 3

31. Exemplary calculation
Example PV-plant on factory hall
Roof area in south exposure: 900m²
Electricity generation costs (20a, 2% interest): ca. 4,4 ct/kWh
Annual revenue for full feed-in: EEG market premium:
8,9 ct/kWh, prospect April 2019, operational costs: 1 % of investment costs
approx. 18,7 K € p.a.
Annual revenue/saving for 100%** own consumption: see above; procurement costs: 20ct/kWh; 40% EEG-surcharge on own consumption: 2,56 ct/kWh
approx. 37,9 K € p.a.
Performance PV-plant:
ca. 6 m²/ kWp PV
= 150 kWp PV
Investment PV-plant:
Ca. 900 €/kWp PV (net)
= ca. 135 K €
Amortisationszeit Case 1: 7,2 a
Amortisationszeit Case 2: 3,5 a
Production potential*:
Ca kWh/kWp PV
= kWh p.a.
*regardless of shading, ** possible through weekend and holiday shifts, *** individual assessment of profitability necessary

32. Summary

33. Lessons Learned Creation of new laws shall refer to market and targets
General Key Findings
Ensure predictability for investors
Ensure transparency, e.g. publication of degression and growth figures
Statutory long-term plans for promotion mechanisms
Learnings from the German development of renewable energy programs
Integration of promotion mechanisms in market economy / competition
Linking promotion to development targets and economic development („flexible cap“, tenders)
Identification of potentials and corresponding definition of aims
Economical impact of Renewable Energies
PV power generation is already today and also in long-term consideration one of the most cost efficient electricity generation sources
Renewable energies can reduce the required energy import and thus strengthen the national economy
Creation of new laws shall refer to market and targets
Die Türkei darf nicht versuchen (nur) den aktuellen Stand einzuholen, sondern versuchen mit intelligenten Konzepten die „Konkurrenz“ zu überholen.
Dafür ist es notwendig aus den Fehlern anderer zu lernen und vorausschauend Zukunftsstrategien zu Entwickeln.
Wenn wir nämlich das EEG betrachten sehen wir Deutschlands „Plan“ und Voraussicht vom also vor 19 Jahren.

34. Contact person Kai Imolauer Caner Demirci Michael Rogoll
Associate Partner
Economic Engineer
Rödl & Partner
Äußere Sulzbacher Str Nürnberg
Tel:
Fax: – 3549
Caner Demirci
Attorney at Law
Public Management Consultant
Rödl & Partner
Äußere Sulzbacher Str Nürnberg
Tel:
Fax: – 3549
Michael Rogoll
Consultant
Master of Science in Engineering
Rödl & Partner
Äußere Sulzbacher Str Nürnberg
Tel:
Fax: – 3549