1. Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles
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Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles
Guten Morgen meine Damen und Herren,
ich hoffe, Sie hatten heute morgen eine angenehme Anreise, denn dies ist indirekt unser Thema heute: Egal, ob mit Taxi, Bahn oder eigenem Auto, Mobilität ist eine Selbstverständlichkeit und ein wesentlicher Aspekt unseres Lebensstandards.
2011 ist das Jahr des Autos: 125 Jahre Daimler, 125 Jahre Bosch. Den Pionieren der Automobilgeschichte ist es zu verdanken, dass gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Netwerke sehr viel effizienter geworden sind und wir uns ein Leben ohne Autos, ohne Reisen überhaupt nicht mehr vorstellen können.
Aber: 2011 ist auch das Internationale Jahr der Chemie. Die Chemie hat in den letzten 100 Jahren viele Innovationen hervorgebracht mit denen moderne Mobilität überhaupt erst möglich wird. Und ohne Chemie ist auch die Mobilität der Zukunft nicht denkbar.
Wie wir uns diese Mobilität als einen wesentlichen Antrieb unseres täglichen Lebens und unserer Wirtschaftsentwicklung erhalten und wie wir neue Antriebstechnologien entwickeln, darum soll es in unserer heutigen Veranstaltung gehen, zu der ich Sie herzlich begrüße.
Was erwartet Sie bei unserem Pressegespräch?
Wir werden Ihnen die Beiträge der Chemie zur Elektromobilität vorstellen und zeigen, warum die Chemie ein Enabler für die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Automobillösungen ist
Erst kurzer Überblick über unsere Aktivitäten im Bereich Elektromobilität
Danach Laborführungen
Und beim abschließenden Mittagessen besteht die Möglichkeit, die Themen intensiver zu diskutieren. Experten aus den Labors werden dabei sein.
Doch warum beschäftigen wir uns überhaupt mit dem Thema „Elektromobilität? Warum ist uns das Thema so wichtig?
Joe DiCarlo
August 2012

2. 4 | Next Generation Cathodes
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1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary 2

3. BASF Headquarter in Ludwigshafen, Germany

4. BASF – The Chemical Company The World’s Leading Chemical Company
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BASF – The Chemical Company The World’s Leading Chemical Company
We create Chemistry for a sustainable future
We combine economical success with social responsibility and the protection of the environment
Sales 2011: m€ 73,497
EBIT 2011: m€ 8,586
Employees (December 31, 2011): 111,000
About 1,100 new patents filed in 2011
6 Verbund sites and about 390 production sites
About BASF
BASF is the world’s leading chemical company: The Chemical Company. Around 109,000 employees of the BASF Group work to make customers from nearly all sectors and almost every country in the world become more successful. Our portfolio ranges from oil and gas to chemicals, plastics and specialties such as crop protection products. With its high-value products and intelligent solutions, BASF plays an important role in finding answers to global challenges such as climate protection, energy efficiency, nutrition and mobility.
BASF posted sales of more than €60 billion in BASF shares are traded on the stock exchanges in Frankfurt (BAS), London (BFA) and Zurich (AN). BASF has subsidiaries in more than eighty countries and supplies products to a large number of business partners in nearly every part of the world. We operate 6 Verbund sites and approximately 390 other production sites worldwide. Our Verbund site in Ludwigshafen is the largest integrated chemical complex in the world that belongs to a single company. In 2010, BASF filed around 1,100 patents worldwide.
The Patent Asset Index™ developed at the Otto Beisheim School of Management (WHU) near Koblenz, Germany, enabled us to compare our patent portfolio with those of other companies across the industry in 2009 for the first time. As in the previous year, we took first place in this ranking in This makes us one of the most innovative companies in the global chemical industry.
INTERNET: basf.com 4 4

5. BASF and the Automotive Industry ca 10 – 15 % of total BASF Sales

6. Chemistry as Enabler of Electromobility
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Chemistry as Enabler of Electromobility
Smart Forvision in Cooperation with BASF
Technologies for the Car of Tomorrow 1 1
Electrical energy efficiency
Solar roof with transparent organic solar cells
Transparent organic OLEDs 2 2 2
Temperature management
IR-reflecting films/pigments
High performance foams for insulation
Although its real world premiere already took place yesterday, I would like to again express that we are very proud of this visionary and holistic approach to e-mobility: the smart forvision.
Thanks to a close cooperation between Daimler engineers, designers and BASF’s R&D teams, we have managed to build a car which is far more than just a design study.
It is a demonstration of energy efficient solutions powered by chemistry integrated in one car.
BASF innovations operate under three main technology ‘pillars’ - lightweight, energy efficiency and heat management: (=> see Chart)
There are 5 world premieres from BASF included in the car:
Solar roof with transparent organic solar cells
Transparent organic OLEDs for interior illumination
IR-reflecting films for glazing
High performance foams for insulation
Thermoplastic polyamide wheel
But - BASF has even more solutions for e-cars and electromobility: the battery as key component of the electric vehicle. Here we have significantly increased our efforts and investments over the last years. 3 3
Multifunctional lightweight construction
Lightweight ergonomically designed seats
Thermoplastic polyamide wheel
Go online at

7. 2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
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1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary 7

8. Li-Intercalation Anode
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Li-Batteries for Automotive Applications Overview: Lithium Ion Battery Material Solutions by BASF
Battery Cell Chemistry:
Decrease cost
Increase range
Increase lifetime
Li-Intercalation Anode
Binder
Electrolyte
Cathode
BASF products
BASF R&D

9. BASF is a Material Supplier for LiBs
Raw Materials
Materials
Cells
Pack
OEM
BASF
Customer/Partner
The battery determines characteristics of an electric vehicle
Range, costs, safety,…
The battery allows for differentiation and value creation
Challenging technology and chance for chemistry / engineering / OEMs
Materials are the heart of the battery cell
Chemistry plays a central role as material supplier

10. BASF Battery Unit: Investments and Acquisitions by BASF
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BASF Battery Unit: Investments and Acquisitions by BASF
Strategy: Strengthen Organic Growth of BASF Battery Materials
Li-Ion
NiMHx
POST-Li-ION
ELECTROLYTES
CATHODES
Ovonic Battery Company: Acquisition (2.2012)
Merck Elektrolyte: Acquisition of Elektrolyte Activities of Merck (2.2012)
Novolyte: Acquisition of Business (4.2012)
LFP License: Licensing agreement to acquire LFP technology from LiFePO4+C (4.2012)
Sion Power: Investment of 50mio USD (1.2012)

11. 3 | Cathode Portfolio 1 | Introduction BASF
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1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary 11

12. Today NCM (xyz): LFP: LiFePO4
BASF Cathode – Portfolio For Today, Tomorrow and … the Future:
Today
Co (LCO)
NCM (xyz):
Example: Li1+x(Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33)1-xO2
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.8
LFP: LiFePO4
0.4
0.6 Co Mn
+ known materials, demonstrated technology
- Low energy content
Classic high stability region
0.6
0.4
NCM-111
High capacity –
low safety region
Tomorrow
HE-NCM:
NCM-433
HE-NCMs
NCM-424
0.8
NCM-523
LNCO
0.2
HV-Spinel:
NCM-622
NCM-415
NCM-514
NCM-811
+ Higher energy content
- Development stage
NCM-929
1.0
Lower cost region
0.0
0.0
0.2
HV spinel
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 Ni
Mn (LMO)
Ni (LNO)
Future
Phase Diagram
Li-S
Li-Air
BASF has licensed broad cathode patent portfolio from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) covering NCMs
BASF licensed global rights for the production and sale of LFP from LiFePO4+C Licensing AG, Switzerland
+ Higher energy content
- (Pre) R&D stage

13. 4 | Next Generation Cathodes
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Picture: Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol 17, Thackeray et al.
1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary 13

14. 1: HE-NCMs
“High Energy” NCMs: Capacity increase at slightly lower av. Voltage
Discharge profiles
BASF HE-NCM vs. NCM-111
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0 50
100
150
200
250
300
Capacity [Ah/kg]
HE-NCM
NCM-111
Voltage [V]
E = Q × U
High Voltage Region
Standard Voltage Region

15. Improvements High Energy HE-NCM
Improvement of BASF HE-NCMs (last 5 Quarters):
Capacity at 1C [mAh/g]
Irreversible Capacity [%]
Tap density [g/ml]
All Materials scaled to pilot plant scale at 100kg

16. Morphology BASF HE-NCM Materials
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Morphology BASF HE-NCM Materials
Control of particle size and Improved Particle Morphology:
D50 = 16 µm
1500 : 1
20µm
D50 = 11 µm
20µm
1500 : 1

17. BASF’s HE-NCM Rate Capability
Improved Capacity vs. C-Rate capability: 50
100
150
200
250
300
0,1 1 10
C-Rate
Capacity [mAh/g] 2C 4C
Half-cell / Li-anode

18. BASF HEDTM HE-NCMs HE-NCM NCM-523
Cycling Stability of HE-NCM (Graphite Anode) vs. normal voltage NCMs 50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
HE-NCM
Specific capacity [Ah/kg]
NCM-523
25°C C
Cycle No.

19. 2: HV-Spinel
“High Voltage” Spinel: Voltage increase at slightly lower Capacity
Discharge profiles
BASF HV spinel vs. NCM-111 and LFP
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Capacity [Ah/kg]
Voltage [V] 50
100
150
NCM-111
HV spinel
E = Q × U
LFP
High Voltage Region

20. ppt
BASF HEDTM HV-spinel
Cycling Stability of HV Spinel (Pouch Cell vs Graphite)
Cycle No.
25°C, 1.0 C
4.25V – 4.80V
Specific capacity [Ah/kg]
Standard cell chemistry
Cell chemistry 2 (“modification”)
Cell chemistry 1 (“additives in electrolyte”)

21. Comparison of Cathodes Material
Energy Density of different Cathode Materials:
Specific capacity [Ah/kg]
Av. voltage vs. Li/Li+ [V]
Specific Energy Density [Wh/kg]
NCM-111
155
3.85
597
NCM-523
165
635
HE-NCM
270
3.65
986
HV Spinel
140
4.65
651
LMO Spinel
125
3.95
494
LFP
160
3.45
552
HE-NCM, HV-Spinel cathode material can deliver up to 65 % more specific energy density vs. NCM-111
How much of it can be realized on the cell level ?

22. Energy Density on the Layer Level
Energy Density on Layer Level: repeating units of Anode, Cathode Current Collectors, Electrolyte
anode Cu
anode
separator
cathode Al
cathode
separator
anode Cu
Thickness [µm]
Porosity
Layer density [g/cm3]
% active material
Aluminum foil 18 0%
2.7
Cathode
200
30%
Dependent on cathode material
92%
Separator 20
50%
0.7
Anode
Balanced on cathode
25%
Dependent on anode material
Copper foil 12
8.9
Parameters
The pores are filled with electrolyte of density 1.3 g/cm3.
The anode thickness is calculated, so that the following balancing equation is fulfilled: 1st cycle charge capacity per cm2 of cathode = capacity per cm2 of anode 1st cycle charge capacity = specific capacity / (100% – irrev. Capacity) Irreversible capacity on the anode (SEI formation) and anode over-sizing is neglected in the model.
Layer level

23. Comparison Cathodes on the Layer Level
Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density on the Layer Level:
Grav. Energy Density [Wh/kg]
Comparison to NCM-111
Vol. Energy Density [Wh/l]
NCM-111
293
(Reference) 0%
804
NCM-523
306
+4%
833
HE-NCM
379
+29%
949
+18%
HV Spinel
320
+9%
881
+10%
LMO Spinel
257
-12%
709
LFP
259
641
-20%
HE-NCM and HV-Spinel cathode materials provide significant energy density advantage on the cell level

24. Metal Costs Comparison NCM vs. HE-NCM / Spinel
Pure metal value fluctuations in 10y period in 1 kg of NCM-111, HE-NCM and Spinel
Average Metals costs over the last 10 year (USD/kg)
Lithium utilization (%)
NCM-111
5-28
56%
HE-NCM
2-11
80%
HV-Spinel
99%
Next generation cathode materials with marked improvements in costs and energy content.

25. Summary:
BASF is a committed supplier of materials for Lithium-Ion-Batteries
Cathode Materials (NCMs, LFP), Electrolytes and Technical Polymers are commercial products of BASF
Next Generation Materials such as HE-NCM and HV-spinel offer significant advantage of energy density
BASF develops these novel cathode materials tailor-made for high-energy applications
BASF will improve performance of today’s Lithium Ion Batteries with an optimized combination of materials like HE-NCM and tailor-made electrolytes