1. Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar President/CEO
ISLAMIC PRIVATE EQUITY, DERIVATIVES AND STRUCTURED PRODUCTS & INVESTMENTS
Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar
President/CEO

2. Islamic Private Equity Fund (IPEF)
IPEF is a vehicle to enable the investors to invest in non-listed companies at all stages of development but most likely the mezzanine stage. Also, it intends to have a control over the investee company.
Mutual Fund
Private Equity
Venture Capital
√ listed equities
√ non-listed equities
√ redemption
√ close-end fund
√ no management
√ management
√ capital gain + dividend
√ capital gain
√ established companies
√ potential companies
√ start-up
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3. Shari’ah Issues of IPEF
Investment guidelines-listed vs. non listed companies.
Controlling position and the tolerable ratio of conventional leverage.
Co-investment in the investee companies.
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4. Structured Finance : An Overview
Encompasses all advance private and public arrangements that serve to efficiently refinance and hedge any profitable economic activity beyond the scope of conventional forms on-balance sheet securities in the effort to lower the cost of capital and to mitigate agency costs of market impediments on liquidity.
Most structured investment:
Combine traditional assets classes with contingent claims such as risk transfer derivatives and/on derivative claims on commodities, currencies or receivables from other reference assets, or …
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5. Cont’d
Replicate traditional assets classes through synthetication.
The premier form of structured finance is capital market-based risk transfer whose two major asset classes include asset securitization and credit derivative transactions.
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6. Risk Transfer Instruments
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7. Illustration of Securitisation
Via securitisation, the issuer raises funds by issuing certificates of ownership as pledge against existing or future cash flows from an investment pool of financial assets in the bid to increase the issuer’s liquidity position without increasing the capital base or by selling these reference assets to a SPV, which subsequently issues debt to investors to fund the purchase.
Apart from being a flexible efficient source of funding, the off-balance sheet treatment of securitisation also serves :-
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8. To diversify asset exposures
Cont’d
To reduce both economic cost of capital and regulatory minimum capital requirements as a balance sheet restructuring tool.
To diversify asset exposures
Credit derivatives, on the other hand, are financial instruments that isolate and transfer credit risk. Based on derivatives principle, they involved the sale of contingent credit protection for pre-defined credit events of lending transactions.
In their basic concepts, credit derivatives sever the link between the loan origination associated credit risk, but leave the original borrower-creditor relationship intact.
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9. Credit derivatives include among others;
Cont’d
The protection buyer of a credit derivatives hedges specific risk, in return for periodic premium payments to the protection seller, who assumes the credit of a financial contract isolated from the underlying transaction.
Credit derivatives include among others;
Credit Default Swap
Total Return Swap
Credit Spread Options
Collateralised debt Obligations
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10. Structured Product Under SC’s Guidelines
Any investment product that falls within the definition of “securities” under SCA which provides the holder with an economic, legal or the interest in another asset (“underlying asset”) and derives its value by reference to the price or value of the underlying asset.
The term “underlying asset” means any security, index, currency, commodity or other assets or combination of such asset.
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11. These structured product include:
Cont’d
These structured product include:
Bond Options
Credit Default Swaps
Credit Options
Total Return Swaps
Equity Swaps/ Options
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12. Interest/Profit Rate Swap/Exchange
Definition:
Involves exchanging (swapping) interest payments on Floating-rate debt for interest payments on Fixed-rate debt, with both payments in the same currency.
Reason:
One party actually wants fixed rate debt, but can get a better deal on floating rate; the other party wants floating rate. Both parties can gain by swapping loan payments, usually through a bank as a financial intermediary which charges a fee to broker the transaction.
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13. Features Of Interest / Profit Swap
A swap of fixed-for-floating interest rate.
A master agreement for fixed rate interest.
A floating or variable rate which is reset periodically.
A set-off (muqasah) exercise at every reset time to swap a fixed-for-floating interest rate.
Floating interest rate is to based on a certain benchmark.
The counterparty making fixed rate payments in a swap is predominantly the less creditworthy participant.
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14. Proposed Islamic Profit Rate Swap
The above characteristics of the conventional interest rate swap are to be maintained.
Therefore, it must consist of three important documents:
Master Fixed – Rate Transaction.
Master Revolving Floating – Rate Transaction.
Settlement Agreement.
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15. Cont’d
The challenge in Islamic finance is to create a mechanism which is floating and revolving to assist the parties in their swap transactions I.e. to give floating rate profit to the party who seeks to match their floating payment obligations and to give fixed rate profit to the party who seeks to match their fixed payment obligations (in addition to achieve ‘Quality Spread Differential’ that is spread between fixed interest rate and variable interest rate.
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16. ISLAMIC PROFIT RATE SWAP: AN OVERVIEW (A HYPOTHETICAL CASE)
ABC Bank has floating rate funding and fixed rate investment. In order to match funding rates with return rate (investment), ABC Bank may decide to enter into an Islamic Profit Rate Swap with a counter-party.
Stage 1: Fixed Profit Rate
Step 1: XYZ Bank (counter party) sells an asset to ABC Bank on Murabahah basis at a selling price that comprises both principal and profit margin to be paid upon completion of subsequent transaction I.e.
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17. Step 2: An Asset Purchase Agreement is executed by the two parties.
Cont’d
Step 2: An Asset Purchase Agreement is executed by the two parties.
Illustration: Suppose the notional principal amount intended is RM500,000 and the fixed mark-up is 5.75% for 2 years. The fixed mark-up profit rate amount is payable every 6 months for 2 years (RM500,000 x 5.75% x 5.75% x 180/365 = RM14,178.08)
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18. Stage 2: Floating Profit Rate
Cont’d
Stage 2: Floating Profit Rate
Step 1: Just prior to 6 months, ABC Bank will sell an asset to XYZ Bank at a selling price of RM500,000 plus a mark-up based on CURRENT profit rate (agreed spread plus current benchmark). An Asset Sale Agreement is executed by the two parties.
Step II: Payment of selling price by both ABC and XYZ Bank is netted-off.
Step III: The net difference is profit, and is paid to the receiving party as the case may be spelt out in the settlement agreement.
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19. Cont’d
Stage 3
Floating Profit Rate (Stage II) is repeated every 6 months until maturity.
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20. Islamic Profit Rate Swap Counter-Party
Illustration
Islamic Profit Rate Swap Counter-Party
pays fixed profit rate
receives floating profit rate
Islamic Depositors
Islamic Funding
ABC
Floating rate
Fixed rate
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21. Equity Linked Notes (ELN)
ELN is an instrument that provides investors fixed income like principal protection together with equity market upside exposure.
An ELN is structured by combining the economics of a long call option on equity with along discount bond position. As for Islamic Equity Linked Notes, two requirements are to be met:
Equity must be Shari’ah compliant
Option must be structured under the ‘urbun concept i.e. down payment, earnest money i.e. this option cannot be traded (at least from International Shari`ah Standard.
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22. Cont’d
The investment structure generally provides 100% Capital Principle Protection. The coupon or final payment at maturity is determined by the appreciation of the underlying equity.
The instrument is appropriate for conservative equity investors or fixed income investors who desire equity exposure with controlled risk.
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23. Cont’d
Sukuk
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24. Cont’d
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25. Note on Islamic Option Illustration: Islamic option
Conventional option
option is deemed as
earnest money
a) Premium – cost to buy the
option
b) option is not tradable
(international Shari`ah
Standards)
b) option is tradable
c) underlying asset must be
compliant
c) underlying assets must not
necessarily be compliant
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26. Futures Contract
It is negotiable contract to make or take delivery at an agreed price of a standardized amount of a commodity or financial instruments during a specific month, under terms and conditions established by a national/ international regulated future exchange market where trading takes place.
Future contracts are often used as a hedging device against interest rate or price risk of the primary market.
Normally, in future trading, the seller of a contract (known as a short) will notify the exchange of his intention to deliver contracts to a buyer (called the long) as the contract delivery month draws near.
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27. Underlying assets for future contracts:
Cont’d
Under future contracts, buyers and sellers have the option of exchanging an expiring contract for a new one which is common rather than take delivery.
Underlying assets for future contracts:
Share / stock
Commodities
Interest rate
Index
Currency
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28. In a nutshell, futures contract is based on:
Cont’d
In a nutshell, futures contract is based on:
Deferred payment (subject to margin payment)
Deferred delivery (or cash settlement)
Marked –to –market
From a shari’ah perspective, a number of issues are to be considered:
Can both the counter-values be deferred ?
(Compare with Salam and Istisna’)
Does the practice of marked – to –market make the contract uncertain (gharar) or similar to gambling?
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29. Futures Contract: The Way Forward: Binding bilateral promise.
Cont’d
The SC’s resolution
“When a crude palm oil futures is offered, specification such as quantity, type, price and delivery date are made known to the market players. Therefore, there is no element of gharar in the contract. All specifications are made clear in the contract, and surveillance and regulation are provided to ensure there is no cheating”.
Futures Contract: The Way Forward: Binding bilateral promise.
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30. Islamic Forward FOREX
Forward FOREX involves essentially two dissimilar ribawi items i.e. two different currencies. Currency is a ribawi item.
Under the principles governing any exchange of two dissimilar ribawi items, the exchange of two counter values must be spot or simultaneous (hand to hand).
Forward FOREX entails that the rate of exchange is locked in today (the day of contract) but delivery of two counter values is being deferred to a future date where the delivery of these two counter values will be made on spot basis.
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31. Cont’d
There is a silent consensus amongst the jurists that this method of exchanging a currency for another is not compliant to the requirement of “hand to hand”.
“Hand to hand” requires the delivery of the two counter-values be made on the day of the contract which is not the practice in current FOREX.
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32. Islamic Solutions To FOREX
Islamic law requires delivery to be made on the day of the contract. However, Islamic law does not prohibit promise to buy and sell currencies on one date and delivery to be made on another date because the proper contract only concludes on the day of delivery.
This premise of argument has led to the argument/construction of wa’d (promise) in structuring Islamic version of FOREX.
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33. Cont’d
Under wa’d structure, only one party (obligor / promisor) promises to buy/sell as the case may be, where he is bound by that promise (which is binding). The other party / promisee / obligee is not bound to proceed with the promise that was undertaken by the promisor.
Binding promise from only one party is not deemed valid under Islamic law as a contract. Therefore, this can facilitate FOREX.
Binding promises from both parties are deemed to be leading to a contract conclusion and therefore is prohibited.
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34. Are Islamic Derivatives A Need
Some Scholars argue that Islamic Derivatives are not in tandem with Islamic philosophy because they are, interalia:
Artificial products
They are created to suit conventional products which are based on either interest or speculation
Some other scholars argue that “Islamic Derivatives” are needed for protecting real businesses activities and not just for speculation purposes / undertakings.
Forward currency or currency swap to protect real import and export activities involving two different currencies
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35. Cont’d
Profit rate swap to manage real asset and liability potential miss-match of a financial institution
Would there be any limits to the usage of Islamic Derivatives or Islamic Structured products?
Investment Fund
Synthetic Products
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36. Earnest money or ‘Urbun Salam Sale Unilateral binding promise (wa’d)
Islamic Potential Contracts/ Principles For Islamic Structured Products
Earnest money or ‘Urbun
Salam Sale
Unilateral binding promise (wa’d)
Istijrar – purchasing an asset the price of which is to be determined later
Murabahah / Tawarruq contract
Fixed and floating contracts
Short Sale?
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37. Shariah Issue For Deliberation
Deferment of both counter values in the future market
Margin account and marked to market
Enforcement of unilateral binding promise
Fees for guarantee / protection (CPPI)
Third party guarantee
Separate legal entity in Murabahah / Tawarruq and in wa’d structure
Unilateral binding promise
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38. Islamic Structured Products: The Way Forward
Product innovation between the prohibition of interest and prohibition of gharar
Riba is a fixed formula
Gharar is a phenomenon and risk tolerance
Guidelines on Islamic SP
Risk Management in Basel II and IFSB
Research and Development
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