1. Computers & Society - History (Calculating Years)
Computer History
The Calculating Years
10/20/2009

2. Early Calculating Machines
Fingers & Toes
Problems?

3. Abacus
Abacus is a Chinese Calculator consisting of little balls you can move up and down to calculate your mathematical addition or subtraction problem.
Created by Cheng Dawei of the Ming Dynasty.
The numbers on the bottom are 1-5 and the ones on top are place holders, they also signify if you going up to nine

4. Abacus One of the earliest “man-made” calculating devices
Originated in China about 2600 BC
Still used in some parts of the world
Click on the link below for a demonstration on how the Abacus works:

5. John Napier John Napier’s time period was 1550-1617.
He was a mathematician.
He was well known for popularizing decimal points.

6. Napier’s Bones
1617, Napier put Multiplication Tables on Ivory rods or bones
Primitive form of the ‘Slide Rule’
To see how Napier’s Bones work click on the link below:

7. Edmund Gunter
1620
Put logarithmic scales on 2 strips of wood and fashioned a device similar to the “Modern Slide Rule”
Known as the “1st Analog computer”

8. Slide Rule
The slide rule is also known as slipstick.
It is used primarily for multiplication and Division, and also for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or Subtraction.
In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers.

9. Why the need for Mechanical Calculating Devices?
Early Mathematical tables done by hand
Created by solving Long & Complex mathematical formulas
Many Mistakes!!!
Pi ()

10. Leonardo daVinci Made many drawings of calculating machines
Never built a working model

11. Blaise Pascal 1623 - 1662 By Chris Woof
His earliest work was in helping construct the first mechanical calculators.
He also clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuums.
Mathematician, Physicist, and religious philosopher.
Also developed his Traité du triangle arithmétique (Tritise on the arithmetical Triangle.
His contribution to computing was recognized by a computer scientist named Nicklaus Wirth which he used to make a new computer language he called Pascal.
By Chris Woof

12. Pascaline
1642, age of 19, built 1st mechanical calculating machine that to “Carry over” numbers
could add or subtract
simple device, about the size of a shoe box, worked like a car’s odometer
it was gear-driven and did not always work properly
Built it to assist his father in his Tax office

13. Gottfried Liebniz
Gottfried Leibniz invented the infinitesimal calculus, with the help of Isaac Newton, and his notation has been used ever since. Gottfried also invented the binary system, foundation of virtually all modern computers architectures. He also invented the first mechanical adding machine that was called the stepped reckoner.

14. Leibniz’s Calculator
in 1673, German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz improved Pascal’s machine
now could add, subtract, multiply and divide rapidly
still unreliable

15. Charles Thomas He lived from 1785 to 1870.
He was known for patenting the first mechanical calculator that actually worked.

16. Charles Xavier Thomas
in 1820, Thomas improves Pascal and Leibniz’s machines
he manufactures and sells the first successful mechanical calculator, “Arithometer”
it is considered to be the predecessor to the “Modern Desktop calculator”

17. Charles Babbage
was a Computer Pioneer and is considered the “Father of the Modern Computer”
very frustrated with the inaccuracy of mathematical tables
dreamed of machines that could compute and print out the mathematical tables

18. Difference Engine
Babbage came up with the idea for this engine in 1822
began building in 1823
it was funded by the British government and himself
never finished, abandoned the project, though a piece was built and it did work

19. Analytical Engine
It was first described in 1837, but Babbage continued to work on the design until his death in Because of financial, political, and legal issues, the engine was never built. The analytical engine was Babbages 2nd attempt at making a machine of this type, the first was the difference engine, but he realized he could make something better, the Analytical Engine. This machine would have been able to Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and even find square roots, it would even be able to print out the results. With the input as a punch card that you would insert, this was the start to modern day computers.

20. Analytical Engine 1833 Babbage began a more ambitious project
would have 4 Basic Units
Store – hold data & results (Memory)
Mill – performed the computations (CPU)
System of gears for transferring data between Store & Mill (Data Bus)
Separate devices for putting data in and getting results out (Input/Output)
These 4 Basic units are found in every computer today!

21. Analytical Engine It was to be programmable
only 1 person to operate it
would be Steam powered
Never finished it
lack of technology
no real demand
Would be built using Babbage’s plans in 1992 and proven to work

22. Lady Ada Lovelace
met Babbage at a party and became intrigued with his Engine designs
corresponded with Babbage over his plans and communicate his ideas to others
wrote a plan suggesting to Babbage how he might calculate numbers.
this plan became known as the “First Computer Program”
so now she is known as the First Computer programmer

23. Punch Cards
Definition:A punch card or punched card (or punch card or Hollerith card or IBM card), is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.
Punch Cards were started in the mid 1700s for a convenient way to store information.
Charles Babbage perfected its use in the mechanical calculator .
Soon after Herman Hollerith made it to be readable by machines.

24. Joseph Jacquard 1804 used punch cards to control the weaving process
earliest use of punch cards to control the manufacturing process
one person could do the work without help

25. 1890 U.S. Federal Census
The census of 1890 was taken, under the supervision of Robert P. Porter,1 according to an act of March 1, 1889, and modeled after that used for the 1880 Census. The enumeration began on June 2, 1890, because June 1 was a Sunday. The census employed 175 supervisors, with one or more appointed to each state or territory, exclusive of Alaska and Indian territory. 2
A significant portion of the 1890 Federal Census was destroyed by a fire at the Commerce Department in Washington, DC on 10 January The records of only 6,160 of the 62,979,766 people enumerated survived the fire.3

26. 1890 U.S. Census 1st Data Processing use of punch cards Why?
1880 Census took 7 ½ years to complete
population was growing even faster
US Census Bureau had a contest to see if someone could “speed up” the process

27. Herman Hollerith designed the 1890 Census machine
developed a machine-readable card concept (Hollerith Code)
tabulating time of the Census took 1/8th of the time (2 ½ years) & population had increased by over 3 million
1896, formed the “Tabulating Machine Company”
this company would merge with one owned by Thomas Watson and be renamed “International Business Machines Corporation” (IBM)

28. Thomas J. Watson 1. Born Feb. 17 1874
2. In 1899 Watson was rewarded with the NCR agency for Rochester.
3. Watson joined the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation on May 1, 1914.
Watson became general manager of IBM.
Watson died.

29. Punch Cards
Punch cards would be used throughout the 1900s (even up to the 1980s) as many companies would adopt the Technology
Several advancements would occur
cards could hold more information without getting bigger
machines could add, subtract, multiply & divide
also develop machines to alphabetize

30. Disadvantages of Punch Cards
5 machines needed to use Punch cards
Card Punch to create cards
Sorter to put in order
Collator to match and merge cards
Calculator to calculate and/or tally
Tabulator to summarize and print results
People handle trays of cards between each step
Each machine started, fed cards & stopped
Too MUCH human intervention!!!

31. The ending of Punch Cards
With many different forms of memory the punch card slowly moved out of view then now disappeared.

32. History
Punch cards have changed the history of storing information and is still today used in many unusual applications, like the University of Wisconsin's Research Building which is modeled after a punch card.

33. Citations
Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: US GPO.