1. What It Means To Be A Man Reflections on Puerto Rican Masculinity Rafael L. Ramirez Translated by: Rosa E. Casper Gresenia Gil Suarez Francisco Torres

2. MACHISMO Popularized in the social literatures of the fifties and sixties and was initially presented as a Latin American phenomenon that appeared in its crudest form in the peasant and working classes Associated with male traits or behaviors to which negative qualities are attributed

3. Machismo Latin American men categorized as beings who are: Aggressive Oppressive Narcissistic Insecure Loud mouthed Womanizers Massive drinkers Uncontrollable sexual prowess Parranderos de parranda larga

4. Machismo Positive aspects: Courage Responsibility Perseverance Used in multiple ways Set of attitudes Configuration on traits syndrome

5. Machismo- Stycos Explains machismo as an analytical category- studying sociocultural aspects of human fertility in order to make specific recommendations to guide the Puerto Rican birth control programs The drive in males to manifest their virility Drives men to produce a limitless quantity of children

6. Cont Stycos- Response of 72 men who were asked the following questions: Speaking of being a macho completo (complete man) how does a man show it? How does he prove it? 15.4 % said that machismo is manifested through abusiveness 73.7% said (courage, honesty, chivalry, reliability, being a good neighbor, being a man of honor) 39.2 % associated machismo with virility and sexuality

7. Machismo-Stycos cont Machismo is a general lower-class value and is transmitted by the penis adulation of infants and by the reinforcement of activities considered to be masculine The most striking manifestation of attempts to inculcate machismo occurs in the adult adulation of the infantile penis. By praising and calling a great deal of attention to the penis, the parent can communicate to the child the literal or symbolic value of the male organ (10).

8. Machismo Writings Repetitive Uncritical Machismo is manifested in an inequal manner in the class structure, with a lesser incidence in the higher classes because women have more economic independence from their husbands. Higher prestige, and more power

9. Cont Middle classes display the greatest manifestation of machismo Women have more sexual freedom than their counterparts in other social classes

10. Culturally and Socially Constructed Not physical, but common beliefs of what each sex should exhibit Carrot and stick idea Thorne (education) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nIX UjzyMe0

11. Homosexuality vs Heterosexuality Gender and privileged (McIntosh) Not considered separately- bluntly sex is sex Ancient and modern practice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84w HXT2KgWY

12. Hegemony-manlyness (dominance) Fight to be manly or seen as failure Gilmore- provider Hardworker Bigness-achievement and physical Personal accomplishment for greater good Easy to survive without men-dangerous for us

13. Androcentrism (men centered) Godelier- Baruya- men vs woman Unequal treatment Boys into men, made nor born Semen thing- men and boys Richardson(language)