1. Some slides are in courtesy of J. Kurose and K. Ross Review of Previous Lecture Course Administrative Trivia Internet Architecture Network Protocols Network Edge A taxonomy of communication networks

2. Overview Homework 1 out, due 1/18 Project 1 ready to go on Tlab, should have found partners Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models

3. Access networks and physical media Q: How to connection end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated?

4. Residential access: point to point access Dialup via modem –up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) –Cant surf and phone at same time: cant be always on ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line –up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) –up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) –FDM: 50 kHz - 1 MHz for downstream 4 kHz - 50 kHz for upstream 0 kHz - 4 kHz for ordinary telephone

5. Residential access: cable modems HFC: hybrid fiber coax –asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router –homes share access to router deployment: available via cable TV companies

6. Residential access: cable modems Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

7. Cable Network Architecture: Overview home cable headend cable distribution network (simplified) Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

8. Cable Network Architecture: Overview home cable headend cable distribution network (simplified)

9. Cable Network Architecture: Overview home cable headend cable distribution network server(s)

10. Cable Network Architecture: Overview home cable headend cable distribution network Channels VIDEOVIDEO VIDEOVIDEO VIDEOVIDEO VIDEOVIDEO VIDEOVIDEO VIDEOVIDEO DATADATA DATADATA CONTROLCONTROL 1234 56789 FDM:

11. Company access: local area networks company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: –shared or dedicated link connects end system and router –10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet deployment: institutions, home LANs happening now

12. Wireless access networks shared wireless access network connects end system to router –via base station aka access point wireless LANs: –802.11b (WiFi): 11 Mbps –802.11a, 802.11g 54Mbps wider-area wireless access –provided by telco operator –3G ~ 384 kbps Will it happen?? –WAP/GPRS in Europe base station mobile hosts router

13. Home networks Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point wireless access point wireless laptops router/ firewall cable modem to/from cable headend Ethernet (switched)

14. Physical Media Bit: propagates between transmitter/rcvr pairs Physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver Guided media: –signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax Unguided media: –signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires –Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet –Category 5 TP: 100Mbps Ethernet

15. Physical Media: coax, fiber Coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional baseband: –single channel on cable –legacy Ethernet broadband: – multiple channels on cable Fiber optic cable: glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation: –high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10s-100s Gps) low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise

16. Overview Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models

17. Internet structure: network of networks roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage –treat each other as equals Tier 1 ISP Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately NAP Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

18. Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint Sprint US backbone network Seattle Atlanta Chicago Roachdale Stockton San Jose Anaheim Fort Worth Orlando Kansas City Cheyenne New York Pennsauken Relay Wash. DC Tacoma DS3 (45 Mbps) OC3 (155 Mbps) OC12 (622 Mbps) OC48 (2.4 Gbps) … to/from customers peering to/from backbone ….…. … … … POP: point-of-presence

19. Internet structure: network of networks Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs –Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs –E.g.: UUNet Europe, Singapore telecom Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP

20. Internet structure: network of networks Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs –last hop (access) network (closest to end systems) –Tier-3: Turkish Telecom, Minnesota Regional Network Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet

21. Internet structure: network of networks a packet passes through many networks! Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP

22. Overview Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models

23. How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn A B packet being transmitted (delay) packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers

24. Four sources of packet delay 1. processing: –check bit errors –determine output link A B propagation transmission processing queueing 2. queueing –time waiting at output link for transmission –depends on congestion level of router

25. Delay in packet-switched networks 3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s A B propagation transmission processing queueing Note: s and R are very different quantities!

26. Caravan analogy Cars propagate at 100 km/hr Toll booth takes 12 sec to service a car (transmission time) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth? Time to push entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes toll booth toll booth ten-car caravan 100 km

27. Caravan analogy (more) Cars now propagate at 1000 km/hr Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth? Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth. 1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router! –See Ethernet applet at AWL Web site toll booth toll booth ten-car caravan 100 km

28. Nodal delay: Total delay at each node along the path d proc = processing delay –typically a few microsecs or less d queue = queuing delay –depends on congestion d trans = transmission delay –= L/R, significant for low-speed links d prop = propagation delay –a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

29. Queueing delay (revisited) R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

30. Real Internet delays and routes What do real Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: –sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination –router i will return packets to sender –sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes

31. Real Internet delays and routes 1 1890mpl-idf-vln-122.northwestern.edu (129.105.100.1) 0.287 ms 0.211 ms 0.193 ms 2 lev-mdf-6-vln-54.northwestern.edu (129.105.253.53) 0.431 ms 0.315 ms 0.321 ms 3 abbt-mdf-1-vln-902.northwestern.edu (129.105.253.222) 0.991 ms 0.950 ms 1.151 ms 4 abbt-mdf-4-ge-0-1-0.northwestern.edu (129.105.253.22) 1.659 ms 1.255 ms 1.520 ms 5 starlight-lsd6509.northwestern.edu (199.249.169.6) 1.713 ms 1.368 ms 1.278 ms 6 206.220.240.154 (206.220.240.154) 1.284 ms 1.204 ms 1.279 ms 7 206.220.240.105 (206.220.240.105) 2.892 ms 2.003 ms 2.808 ms 8 202.112.61.5 (202.112.61.5) 116.475 ms 196.663 ms 241.792 ms 9 sl-gw25-stk-1-2.sprintlink.net (144.223.71.221) 145.502 ms 150.033 ms 151.715 ms 10 sl-bb21-stk-8-1.sprintlink.net (144.232.4.225) 166.762 ms 177.180 ms 166.235 ms 11 sl-bb21-hk-2-0.sprintlink.net (144.232.20.28) 331.858 ms 340.613 ms 346.332 ms 12 sl-gw10-hk-14-0.sprintlink.net (203.222.38.38) 346.842 ms 356.915 ms 366.916 ms 13 sla-cent-3-0.sprintlink.net (203.222.39.158) 482.426 ms 495.908 ms 509.712 ms 14 202.112.61.193 (202.112.61.193) 515.548 ms 501.186 ms 509.868 ms 15 202.112.36.226 (202.112.36.226) 537.994 ms 561.658 ms 541.695 ms 16 shnj4.cernet.net (202.112.46.78) 451.750 ms 263.390 ms 342.306 ms 17 hzsh3.cernet.net (202.112.46.134) 349.855 ms 366.082 ms 380.849 ms 18 zjufw.zju.edu.cn (210.32.156.130) 350.693 ms 394.553 ms 366.636 ms 19 * * * 20 * * * 21 www.zju.edu.cn (210.32.0.9) 353.623 ms 397.532 ms 396.326 ms traceroute: zappa.cs.nwu.edu to www.zju.edu.cn Three delay measements from Zappa.cs.cs.nwu.edu to 1890mpl-idf-vln-122.northwestern.edu * means no reponse (probe lost, router not replying) trans-oceanic link

32. Packet loss Queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity When packet arrives to full queue, packet is dropped (aka lost) Lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not retransmitted at all

33. Overview Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models

34. Protocol Layers Networks are complex! many pieces: –hosts –routers –links of various media –applications –protocols –hardware, software Question: Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?

35. Why layering? Dealing with complex systems: Explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex systems pieces –layered reference model for discussion Modularization eases maintenance, updating of system –change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system –e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system Layering considered harmful?

36. Internet protocol stack application: supporting network applications –FTP, SMTP, HTTP transport: host-host data transfer –TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination –IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network elements –PPP, Ethernet physical: bits on the wire application transport network link physical

37. Layering: logical communication application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical Each layer: distributed entities implement layer functions at each node entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers

38. Layering: logical communication application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data E.g.: transport take data from app add addressing, reliability check info to form datagram send datagram to peer wait for peer to ack receipt analogy: post office data transport ack

39. Layering: physical communication application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data

40. message segment datagram frame source application transport network link physical HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn M HtHt M M destination application transport network link physical HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn M HtHt M M network link physical link physical HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn M HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn M HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn HlHl M router switch Encapsulation

41. Internet History 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran - packet- switching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational 1972: –ARPAnet public demonstration –NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol –first e-mail program –ARPAnet has 15 nodes 1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles

42. Internet History 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC late70s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes Cerf and Kahns internetworking principles: –minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks –best effort service model –stateless routers –decentralized control define todays Internet architecture 1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

43. Internet History 1983: deployment of TCP/IP 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation 1985: ftp protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks 1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

44. Internet History Early 1990s: ARPAnet decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web –hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960s] –HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee –1994: Mosaic, later Netscape –late 1990s: commercialization of the Web Late 1990s – 2000s: more killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps 1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps

46. Summary Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models More depth, detail to follow! Homework 1 out, due 1/18. Project 1 ready to go on Tlab, should have found partners. Email your team info to the TA