1. 4-1 Forecasting (part 2) Chapter 15 Forecasting (part 2) Chapter 15

2. 4-2 Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt) Forecast including trend (FIT t ) = exponentially smoothed forecast (F t ) + exponentially smoothed trend (T t )

3. 4-3 F t = Forecast with Trend last period + (Last periods actual – last periods Forecast with Trend F t = FIT t-1 + (A t-1 – FIT t-1 ) or T t = Trend estimate last period + (Forecast this period - Forecast with Trend last period) T t = T t-1 + (F t - FIT t-1 ) or Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt)

4. 4-4 F t = exponentially smoothed forecast of the data series in period t T t = exponentially smoothed trend in period t A t = actual demand in period t = smoothing constant for the average = smoothing constant for the trend Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt)

5. 4-5 Comparing Actual and Forecasts

6. 4-6 Exponential Smoothing with Trend - Example With the following data, calculate the Holt forecast for each period. Assume that the initial forecast for month 1 was 11 units and the trend for that period was 2 units.

7. 4-7 Seasonality Repeating up and down movements in data Related to recurring events Christmas sales of toys Lawnmower sales When seasonality exists in data must incorporate into forecasting model

8. 4-8 Model with Seasonality 1.Find average historical demand for each season by summing the demand for that season in each year, and dividing by the number of years for which you have data. 2.Compute the average demand over all seasons by dividing the total average annual demand by the number of seasons. 3.Compute a seasonal index by dividing that seasons historical demand (from step 1) by the average demand over all seasons. 4.Estimate next years total demand 5.Divide this estimate of total demand by the number of seasons, then multiply it by the seasonal index for that season. This provides the seasonal forecast.

9. 4-9 Sales DemandAverage Demand Month2000200120022000-2002MonthlySeasonal Index Jan8085105 Feb7085 Mar809382 Apr9095115 May113125131 Jun110115120 Jul100102113 Aug88102110 Sept859095 Oct777885 Nov757283 Dec827880 Monthly Sales of Laptop Computers

10. 4-10 Monthly Sales of Laptop Computers Sales DemandAverage Demand Month2000200120022000-2002MonthlySeasonal Index Jan808510590940.957 Feb7085 80940.851 Mar80938285940.904 Apr9095115100941.064 May113125131123941.309 Jun110115120115941.223 Jul100102113105941.117 Aug88102110100941.064 Sept85909590940.957 Oct77788580940.851 Nov75728380940.851 Dec827880 940.851

11. 4-11 Over the past year Meredith and Smunt Manufacturing had annual sales of 10,000 portable water pumps. The average quarterly sales for the past 5 years have averaged: spring 4,000, summer 3,000, fall 2,000 and winter 1,000. Compute the quarterly index. If annual sales for next year are 11,000, forecast quarterly sales. Example 2 - Seasonality

12. 4-12 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) Forecast Error Equations