1. Industrialization: The New Global Age
Life in the Industrial Age
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Growth of Western Democracies
The New Imperialism
New Global Patterns

2. Overall ideas: Events causing change
Diversity: Rulers strengthened their nations by incorporating surrounding states and colonies. Conflicts arose as new subjects, often of different ethnic backgrounds, demanded independence. Women struggled to end restrictions on their lives and gain recognition of their rights.
Economics and Technology: Developing factory systems, improved transportation and communication, and scientific advances contributed to overseas expansion by European powers. Industrialized nations grew wealthy, often at the expense of colonies.
Impact of the Individual: Nationalist leaders in Italy and Germany used warfare and political alliances to forge new nations out of fragmented provinces.
Political and Social Systems: In the 1800’s, as the middle class grew, democratic rights were extended in Britain, France and the US. Urbanization and the impact of industrialization led to major changed in social values.

3. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
What industrial powers emerged in the 1800’s?
What impact did new technology have on industry, transportation, and communication?
How did natural resources and capital drive the industrial revolution/creation of big business?
How did the need for large amounts of capital lead to new business methods?
How did big business emerge in the late 1800’s?

4. Technology and Industry
Steel
Bessemer Process purified iron and created STEEL
Steel was lighter, harder, and stronger than iron
Steel could be produced and transported far more cheaply than iron
Countries with the ability to mass produce steel led the way
Chemicals
Chemicals created thousands of new products
Newly developed chemical fertilizers increased food production
Albert Nobel invented dynamite, used for construction and warfare
Electricity
A new source of power, electricity replaced steam as main power source
Electric motors/machines that produce electricity revolutionized power
The electric light changed how life was lived, no longer by the sun
New Methods of Production
Factories used larger number of workers and power driven machines to mass produce goods
Interchangeable parts simplified assembly and repair.
The assembly line used this power to speed production

5. New Industrial Powers New Pacesetters
Early in the Industrial Revolution, BRITAIN stood alone as the giant
Britain introduced strict protections to keep that advantage
Soon, other nations joined in the Industrial Revolution
France, Germany and the US had greater natural resources (coal, iron, etc)
Other nations used ideas created by Britain to advance their economies
Germany will pass Britain in Europe and American will dominate as well

6. New Industrial Powers Uneven Development
Other nations developed more slowly
Often lacked natural resources or capital to invest
Russia had resources and capital but social and political conditions slowed its development
Japan did develop, even though it lacked resources
Canada, Australia and New Zealand also developed later

7. New Industrial Powers Impact
Social changes followed the economic changes
Men, women and children worked long hours in difficult conditions
Factory System created huge quantities of goods at lower prices
Workers could now afford things only the wealthy had been able to buy before
Huge demand for good drove the industrial revolution, created jobs, growth of cities and changed politics as well
Industrialized nations competed fiercely globally, changing the patterns of trade

8. Technology Speeds Transportation and Communications
Transportation and Communications were transformed by technology
Steamships & Railroads connected ports and cities, mining regions to industrial regions
In the US – the transcontinental railroad connected the east and west coasts
In Russia – the Trans-Siberian railroad will connect the east and the west
Tunnels and bridges connect parts of the world separated by geography
Automobile
German inventors, N. Otto and K Benz created the first automobiles
Transportation quickly transformed
As vehicles became affordable, society changes as well

9. Technology Speeds Transportation and Communications
Conquest by Air
Human flight was realized when the Wright brothers first flew in 1903
Quickly, planes were seen in the skies over Europe and America
Passenger travel won’t come until the 1920’s
Rapid Communications
Sam Morse invented the telegraph (messages over a wire)
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio
All three fundamentally changed how people communicated in their day

10. New Directions for Business
New technologies required huge investments of money.
Owners sold “STOCK” or shares of their companies to investors
Stocks are partial ownership of a company
Owners received HUGE amounts of capital in exchange for giving up partial ownership
Owners able to build up their companies to much larger size
Rise of Big Business
Big Business soon dominated industry.
Giant corporations formed to raise huge capital
Corporations, with money, could expand into other areas

11. New Directions for Business
Move Toward Monopolies
Big Corporations created monopolies, trusts and cartels to dominate
Krupp in Germany’s steel, Rockefeller in US/World oil
Pursuit of profit led ruthless tactics to eliminate competition
Controlled entire market, controlled the price of goods (set high)

12. New Directions for Business
Move Toward Regulation
Rise of big business and the great wealth it created led to much resentment
“Captains of Industry” vs. “Robber Barons”
Did they use their profits for the Common Good or only for themselves
Some governments moved to place rules to guard against monopolies
Tried to pass laws that would protect consumers and workers
In other government, business leaders blocked attempts to control them
Big Business “controlled” much of the government and could stop laws meant to place limits on them

13. Looking Ahead
By the late 1800’s, European and American corporations were setting up factories, refineries and other production facilities around the world.
Banks were involved in this global economy as well. They invested vast sums of money in large undertakings
As money flowed into undeveloped areas, western governments became increasingly involved in these areas

14. Quick Review
Pair and Share: Tell a person beside you 3 technological advancements of this time. Pick the one you believe was the most important and say why
What 2 things did the US, England and Germany have that made it possible for them to lead the way in the Industrial Revolution? Which of those are most important and why?

15. The World of Cities
What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800’s?
How had cities changed by 1900?
How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?

16. Medicine and Population
Population in Europe doubled between 1800 and 1900
Due to decrease in death rate
People ate better (better farming methods and distribution)
Medical advances and improvements in public sanitation helped too
Fight against disease
Louis Pasteur (French) clearly showed link between microbes and disease
Pasteur also developed vaccines and pasteurized milk
Robert Koch (Germany) ID’d tuberculosis and a search for a cure began
As people understood how germs caused diseases, they began to bath and change their clothes more often
Anesthesia first used to relieve pain during surgery
Florence Nightingale (British) insisted on better hygiene in hospitals
Joseph Lister (British) discovered how antiseptics prevented infections

17. Medicine and Population
Life in the Cities
City Planning: Parks, avenues and such were incorporated into cityscapes
Urban Renewal: rebuilding of poor areas took place
Settlement shifted to suburbs
Paved roads and sidewalks are built
Sewer systems introduced (cuts death rates dramatically)
Urban life remains grim for the poor (slums, tenements)
Cities drew rich and poor alike: jobs, factories
Services, entertainment grew to meet the demands of the increased population

18. Working-Class Struggles
Workers protested poor working/living conditions
Mutual Aid Societies: aid to sick or injured workers
By late 1800’s, most western countries granted all men the right to vote
Unions won the right to organize and bargain
Governments began passing laws to regulate working conditions
Child labor laws, work hour laws, improved safety
Old age pensions, disability insurance
The standard of living increased for most workers
Still the gap between the rich and poor
remained HUGE

19. Child Labor
Children had to work Businesses used their small, quick abilities Little regard to their safety was taken

20. Student Assignment Chapter Reading: read p. 253-259
Create an information chart (minimum of 3 details per area)
A New Social Order * *
Middle Class Values
Rights for Women
Growth of Public Education
New Directions in Science
Darwin Challenge
Religion in an Urban Age

21. Changing Attitudes and Values
What values shaped the new social order?
How did women and educators seek change?
How did science challenge existing beliefs?
What role did religion play in urban society?

22. A New Social Order
The Industrial Revolution introduced a new social order in the western world. New upper class based on money not only nobility
Wealth measured by money not only land
Nobles needed money to finance their businesses, the new wealthy had the money to invest
Next came the business people (doctors, lawyers, scientists)
Then came the lower middle class (teachers, office workers, shopkeepers)

23. Middle Class Values Middle Class Values
Strict set of ‘rules’ for behavior (adult and children)
Dresses respectably
Lived in homes, apartments
Even a small middle class home was expected to have a cook and housemaid
Courtship and Marriage: families had large say in who you married
Idea of marrying for “love” just beginning to be acceptable
Most women considered the practical side of choosing a mate
Courting (called on, chaperoned)
Providing (had to convince father that he could provide for daughter)
The Ideal Home: Husband worked, provided for home
Wife raised the children and ran the home, doing charity work
Literature of the day pushed the “cult of domesticity” that idealized this
Reality: Lower class families often the women worked to help provide
Despite working for low wages, they were expected to still raise the children and run the home

24. Middle Class Values Rights for Women
Laws restricted women from many things
Groups protested limits on women and pushed for fairness for women in marriage, divorce and property laws
Temperance Movement: campaign to limit or ban alcohol because it was seen as a threat to the family
In Europe and America, women could not vote so had no real power to make changes
By late 1800’s, women had broken barriers in many colleges to become professional
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: a leader in early civil rights protests
Women’s Suffrage: the right to vote (political rights) supported by some, but much opposition faced
Women needed to be “protected” from the dirty business of politics
Women’s place is in the home not the government
Women made some advancement in western nations

25. Growth of Public Education
In the late 1800’s, there was pressure on some governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children (3R’s). The need for a literate workforce was increasing
Public Education:
Elementary Schools were primitive at first.
Teachers had minimal education
Rural schools – one room school houses or not during harvest
Secondary schools began to emerge. Students learned languages, history and math
Only middle class families could afford to have their sons stay in school
Girls were sent to “finishing schools” to train to be better wives and mothers
Higher Education
Colleges expanded in this era
Sons of middle and upper class families mostly
Sciences were new courses of study to meet the need of industry
Colleges for Women and African Americans teach to get jobs in fields they could find jobs

26. New Directions in Science
Atomic Theory
John Dalton (English) developed the modern atomic theory that atoms combined to make all matter
Dmitri Mendeleyev (Russian) drew up periodic table
Age of the Earth
Charles Lyell showed evidence earth had formed over billions of years and life did not emerge until long after the earth was formed
Neanderthal man: skeleton of prehistoric man found in 1856
Despite many wrong early conclusions, new ideas about early human life emerged

27. The Darwin Challenge
Charles Darwin (British – 1859) wrote “The Origin of Species” that argued all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years.
Theory of Natural Selection: Most species produced more offspring than there was food to support. Only the best would survive (Natural Selection) “survival of the fittest”
Darwin believed man was an example of this selection, that we descended from less highly organized form of life. All species, including humans, were still evolving.
Darwin’s Theory received much heated debate. Religions quickly attacked the theory, especially the Christian religions.
Social Darwinism: Many in this era believed Darwin’s Theory applied to humans too. That economics were part of this. The more “fit” would rise to the top. The lesser “fit” would wither and die. Wars brought this to nation status. The more “fit” would win wars. The less “fit” would lose and cease to be. Victory (economic or military) seen as proof of superiority.
Racism was encouraged through Darwinism. The idea that one was better than another. European and American civilization believed their dominance was due to the “supremacy of the white race”
These ideas will be used to justify global expansion/imperialism as well as racial discrimination and segregation

28. Religion in the Urban Age
Religion continued to be a major force in western society
Churches (Christian, Jewish) remain the center of communities
Religious leaders had influence politically, socially and educationally
Churches led the way in providing charity to the poor
Churches set up schools, hospitals, etc in urban areas
European churches pushed the Social Gospel Movement which called members to serve in social service areas
They campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education
The Salvation Army spread both Christian teachings and provided social services

29. A New Culture What themes shaped romantic art, literature and music?
How did realists respond to the industrialized, urban world?
How did the visual arts change?

30. Romanticism (glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audiences)
The Romantic Hero
Writers of this era created a mysterious, tragic hero who did not fit into the norm of society
Lord Byron
Goethe
Bronte’s “Jane Eyre”
Romance and the Past
Sir Walter Scott combined history, legend and folklore
Dumas’ The Three Musketeers recreated France’s past glories
Music
Beethoven combined classical with stirring ranges of sound
Beethoven produced dozens of pieces using many instruments
Other composers used music to glorify their nation’s pasts (Chopin)
Romanticism in Art
Painters broke free and tried to portray the beauty and power of nature
Showed everything in bright vibrant colors to evoke emotional response

31. The Call to Realism (Realism is an attempt to represent the world as it really was)
The Novel
Dickens: vividly portrayed life in the slums of London and Paris (Oliver Twist)
Hugo: showed how hunger drove a man to crime (Les Miserables)
Zola: exposed class warfare in French mining (Germinal)
Drama
Ibsen: a woman caught in the day’s social rules (A Doll’s House)
Ibsen: water in the local spa is polluted. Struggle of right vs. money (An Enemy of the People)
Realism in Art
Artists of the day focused on normal everyday people and the conditions they lived in.

32. New Direction in the Visual Arts
The Impressionists
Monet and Degas used bold strokes of colors. They believed the eye would blend the image
By concentrating on visual impressions rather than realism, a fresh view of familiar subjects was found
The Postimpressionists
Seurat (small points of color)
van Gogh (sharp lines and bright colors)
Gauguin (primitive folk art of Tahiti)

33. Chapter Review
P.264 #11-16
Answer the questions on the back of the “A New Culture” handout
You may work together but each needs to turn in the assignment

34. Review Vocabulary: (matching: some or all will be used)
Assembly Line Romanticism
Cartel Social Gospel
Corporation Standard of Living
Cult of Domesticity Temperance Movement
Realism Urban Renewal
Essays: (Do 2 of the 3 essays)
1) How did the lives of women change as a result of the
Industrial Revolution? How about for children?
2) Name 3 technologies that made the Industrial Revolution
possible and explain HOW these technologies changed
things.
3) How businesses were owned and operated changed
during the Industrial Revolution. Explain this change.