1. Human Resources for Health - A bottleneck for Primary Health Care? Dr. Remco van de Pas Wemos, The Netherlands Medicus Mundi International network Peoples Health Movement Conference 50 years Medicus Mundi: Atención Primaria de Salud y Cooperación: ¿una utopía? 7-6-2013

7. Interrogating scarcity – a valuable alternative approach? [S]carcity is not the result of any absolute lack of a resource but rather of the decision by society that it is not prepared to forgo other goods and benefits in a number sufficient to remove the scarcity (Calabresi & Bobbitt, 1978)

8. WHO: 6 building blocks of a health system

9. (Bozorgmehr, 2010)

10. International recruitment of HRH: An ethical approach -

11. Task shifting? (Javanparast et. al, 2011)

12. Macro-economic frameworks and fiscal space (Wibulpolprasert, 2003)

14. International actors influencing workforce development IMF: Wage bill ceilings (17 African countries 2003-2005) WB: Grants & Loans: incentives for rural delivery, training, infrastructure, health sector reforms WTO: Foreign direct investments in health G8, Bilateral dev. cooperation, Gates foundation, BRICS.. WHO: WHR 2006, guidelines on retention and distribution, workforce observatories and national planning, integrating CHW & taskshifting, HSS, Code of Practice Int. recruitment Global Health Workforce Alliance: advocacy, enabling funding, Country coordination & facilitation, leadership, migration GFATM & GAVI: HSS? Eg HRH emergency plan Malawi NGOs: Capacity building but also creating parallel systems

15. Key advances have occurred but challenges requiring increased attention (2nd global forum on HRH, 2011) The G8 members will work towards increasing health workforce coverage(2008): Overall, outcomes achieved are assessed as below expectations (G8 accountability report, June 2013)

18. Understanding the impact of global trade liberalization on health systems pursuing UHC o WTO – GATS, regional and bilateral Free Trade Agreements(FTA) o 4 modes (cross-border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence, mobility of personnel) o Principles also in EU Maastricht treaty (1992) – single market o Health workers moving from public to private sector o Medical tourism o International recruitment of health personnel o Remittances, knowledge exchange, exacerbating imbalances o Global governance for health in relation to FTA? (Missoni, 2013)

19. (Kondilis et. al., 2013)

20. Investment in intensive programmes to help people return to work; Active Labour Market Programmes reduce depression and suicides The fiscal multiplier – the economic bang- for spending on health care, education, and social protection is many times greater then for money ploughed into, e.g. bank bailouts or defense spending ( Stuckler, 2013)

22. Alternatives? Iceland investing in social protection after 2008 crises Netherlands investing social protection oil crises 70s Brazil national health policy based on integrated primary health care & social protection Ethiopia: integration 30.000 extension health workers Ghana: HSR (2008), fiscal flexibility for higher wages Thailand: fiscal flexibility UHC & public staff Cuba: health workers at the core of society

23. While critics have been correct to blame the International Monetary Fund for its policies curtailing public health spending in developing countries, their analysis generally neglects the underlying issue of why developing countries are seemingly unable to build their domestic tax base on which health budgets depend. International health advocates should engage with such macroeconomic questions and challenge the failures of the dominant neoliberal economic model that blocks countries from industrializing and building their own productive capacities with which to generate their own resources for financing their health budgets over time. (Rowden, 2010)

24. Remco van de Pas Remco.van.de.pas@wemos.nl www.wemos.nl www.medicusmundi.org www.phmovement.org