1. Blood and Lymphatic Systems

2. OVERVIEW: Blood
Function: to transport oxygen and nutrients to the body and remove waste products
Components:
Plasma: water, nutrients, clotting factors
Erythrocytes: RBCs- carry oxygen
Leukocytes: WBCs- help in immunity
Platelets: cell fragments that help form blood clots

3. Blood Type A: has antigen A on blood cells and antibody B in blood
Type B: has antigen B on blood cells and antibody A in blood
Type AB: has both A and B antigens on blood cells and no antibodies (universal recipient)
Type O: has no antigens on blood cells and both A and B antibodies in blood (universal donor)

4. Rh Factors Rh positive: has Rh antigens on blood cells
Rh negative: NO Rh antigens

5. Overview
Immunologist: medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the immune system
Hematologist: medical doctors who specialize in blood diseases
Oncologist: medical doctor specializing in malignant and nonmalignant tumors

6. Immune System
Function: to protect the body from invasion of foreign organisms
Parts:
White blood cells: monocytes and lymphocytes

7. Lymphatic System
Function: works with the immune system to filter blood plasma
Parts: Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen
Lymph: fluid that circulates in lymph vessels and helps to filter the blood

8. Diseases and Conditions
Anemia: a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin production, increased RBC destruction, or loss of blood
Aplastic anemia: bone marrow is not producing enough RBCs (serious but rare)
Pernicious anemia: a deficiency of RBCs caused by vitamin B₁₂ not being absorbed by the body
Thalassemia: a group of hereditary anemias caused by lack of hemoglobin production
Common in Mediterranean people

9. Diseases and Conditions
Hemophilia: a group of hereditary bleeding disorders that involves deficiency in blood clotting factors
Leukemia: a malignant disease of the bone marrow that results in increased WBC production
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): an infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that suppresses the immune system
Hodgkin Lymphoma: a malignant disease of the lymphocytes (young adults)

10. Diseases and Conditions
Immunodeficiency disease: any group of diseases caused by a defect in the immune system causing susceptibility to infections and diseases
Kaposi sarcoma: a malignancy of connective tissue (bone, fat, muscle) that metastasizes to organs
Usually associated with AIDS
Lymphadenitis: inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes because of infection
Lymphedema: localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by lymphatic system blockage

11. Diseases and Conditions
Mononucleosis: acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
Symptoms: sore throat, fever, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes
Multiple myeloma: a malignant disease of lymphocytes
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a group of 20 types of lymphomas that occur in older adults
Opportunistic infection: infections that result from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment

12. Diagnostic Procedures
Bone Marrow Aspiration: removal of bone marrow tissue for biopsy
Complete blood count: (CBC) a blood test to determine infections, anemias and other diseases
ELISA: test to screen blood for HIV antibodies
Lymphangiography: radiographic examination of lymph glands and vessels to view lymph flow
Tissue typing: used to determine compatibility of tissues used in transplants
Western blot: detects presence of viral DNA in the blood

13. Medical and Surgical Procedures
Blood transfusion: replacement of blood lost through trauma, surgery or disease
Bone marrow transplant: diseased bone marrow destroyed by radiation and chemotherapy gets replaced with healthy marrow
Lymphangiectomy: removal of lymph vessels

14. Pharmacology
Immunizations: vaccination to induce immunity to infectious disease
Immunosuppressants: suppress the immune system to prevent tissue rejection
Thrombolytics: dissolve a blood clot
Vaccinations: introduction of altered viruses or bacteria into the body to produce an immune response and protect against disease

15. Abbreviations A, B, AB, O: blood types in ABO blood group
AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
CA: cancer
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
CBC: complete blood count
EBV: Epstein-Barr virus
ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

16. Abbreviations HIV: human immunodeficiency virus KS: Kaposi sarcoma
PCP: pneumocystis pneumonia
RBC: red blood cell
SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus
WBC: white blood cell
WNL: within normal limits