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Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Lead Tungstate Crystals for.

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Presentation on theme: "Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Lead Tungstate Crystals for."— Presentation transcript:

1 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Lead Tungstate Crystals for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter at the LHC Ioan Dafinei I.N.F.N. Sezione di Roma, Rome ITALY (on behalf of CMS ECAL Collaboration)

2 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Index 1.Introduction 2.PWO General Properties -Luminescence Spectrum -Scintillation characteristics -Radiation hardness 3.PWO for ECAL-CMS -R&D Short Review -Requisites & Qualification Parameters -Regional Centers 4.Preproduction Crystal Properties Present Status 5.Recent Developments in PWO Crystal Growth Technology 6.Conclusions

3 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Introduction Requirements for scintillators to be used for ECAL construction ECAL-CMS high density and high Z mechanical ruggedness chemical stability uniformity of properties low price small X 0 small R m large LY short dead time fast radiation hard technological requirements high stopping power high granularity high energy resolution LHC Luminosity 10 34 cm -2 ·s -1 Bunch separation 25 ns emission spectrum overlapping with spectral sensitivity of commonly used photodetectors high refractive index

4 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Workshop on tungstate crystals SCINT Conferences Introduction Studied as scintillator since 1979 PbWO 4 (PWO) (g/cm3) 8.26 X 0 (cm)0.89 R m (cm)2.2 (ns) 15 emission 420 n@ emission 2.29 LY2 % LY temp.coeff. -2%/°C

5 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Bridgman method Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, China PWO General Properties PWO Crystal Growth Chang, 1971 1100 1000 900 800 700 20406080 mole % WO 3 PbO Liquid 16.5% 37% 66.5% 1123° 970° 740° 915° 935° 730° 2:11:1 PWO 4 PWO 3 seed grown crystal molten PWO RF heating Czochralski method Bogoroditsk Techo Chemical Plant, Russia

6 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics PWO1168 green component PWO1180 blue component PWO1185 PWO General Properties Luminescence Spectrum a c WO 4 2- Pb 2+ a c WO 4 3- (MoO 4 ) 3- a c (WO 6 ) 6-

7 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics PWO General Properties Scintillation Characteristics I tot I(t)=0.5·exp(-t/3ns)+0.07·exp(-t/12ns)+0.008·exp(-t/102ns) I ss =100·(I ss /I tot ) (%) Spectrally unresolved scintillation exc =308 nm (XeCl excimer laser) Photoluminescence decay

8 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics PWO General Properties Scintillation Characteristics 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 -200-150-100-50050 light yield (a.u.) temperature (°C) 20°C = -1.98%/°C I.Dafinei, Mat.Res.Soc. Vol.348(1994), p.99 5050 100 150 200 250 300 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 -200204060-40 light yield (a.u.) temperature (°C) temp.coeff.(%/°C)

9 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics PWO General Properties Radiation Hardness light production is not affected creation of color centres is quenched by appropriate doping

10 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics R&D Short Review 1992 : Crystal2000 Conference 1994 : choice of PWO for CMS-ECAL 1994-1998 : R&D phase 0 20 40 60 80 100 300350400450500550600650700 Transmission (%) Wavelength (nm) Theoretical transmission '95 crystal '98 crystal 1998-2000 : Pre-Production of 6000 crystals 2001 : Start of the Production 1995 1998

11 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics R&D Short Review Goals of Pre-production Activity For Producer : Increase the rate of production Improve the crystal quality and homogeneity of properties For CMS-ECAL community Setting up the Regional Centres Installation of Automatic Crystal Control System (ACCOS) (machines designed to make the full characterisation of 30 crystals in 7 hours) All the 6000 crystals have been measured on ACCOS at CERN 800 re-measured on ACCOR at Rome (ACCOS-ACCOR intercalibration)

12 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Requisites & Qualification Parameters Qualification parameters Light Yield LY@8X 0 8 pe/MeV at 18°C -0.35 %/X 0 FNUF +0.35 %/X 0 LY(100ns)/LY(1 s) > 90% LY@8X 0 =7.5·a+b FNUF =100·(-0.89·a)/(11.5·a+b) LY(x)= a · x+b

13 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Requisites & Qualification Parameters Qualification parameters Transmission LT 360nm 25% LT 420nm 55% LT 620nm 65% LTslope inflection > 3%/nm TT=50% 3nm TT LT Check general quality and radiation resistance LT TT T=p 2 ·exp(-(p 3 )/w-exp((p 0 -w)·p 1 ))

14 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics dimensions within +0.00 mm, -0.10 mm of nominal values planarity for all faces within 0.02 mm chamfers between 0.3 mm and 0.7 mm polished faces with roughness < 0.020 m unpolished face with roughness = 0.350 m ECAL-CMS Requisites & Qualification Parameters Qualification parameters Dimensios !

15 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Regional Centers CERN Lab.27 Regional Center Dimensions Light yield uniformity Transmission ACCOCE http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/cms/ECAL/html/wp/rc/ CERN Lab.27 EP-CMA

16 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Regional Centers Rome, Italy Regional Center http://www.roma1.infn.it/exp/cms/ Casaccia Co 60 PM LED Light yield uniformity Dimensions Coord3 S.p.A. Dark room temperature : 20±0.5°C rel. humidity: 50±10% ACCOR Capacity: 35 crystals/run 1 run time: approx. 10 hours Transmission

17 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Regional Centers ACCOS-ACCOR Intercalibration Measure 2-3 pe ! LY>8pe/MeV R-C =0.8pe/MeV R-C =0.19%/X o -0.35<FNUF(%/X o )<+0.35

18 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Regional Centers ACCOS-ACCOR Intercalibration LT@360nm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0102030405060 RomeLT@360 CernLT@360 60 65 70 75 60657075 LT@420nm RomeLT@420 CernLT@420 RomeLT@620 CernLT@620 65 70 75 80 65707580 LT@620nm R-C =1.4% R-C =0.8% R-C =0.5%

19 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Regional Centers ACCOS-ACCOR Intercalibration R-C =0.15%/nm 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 00.511.522.533.54 Roma TTsp (nm) Cern TTsp (nm) TT spread at 50% Inflection Wavelength 345 349 353 357 359 345349353357 Rome Cern 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 22.533.54 Rome S@infl (%/nm) Cern S@infl (%/nm) Rad hard check LT slope@inflection R-C =0.15%/nm

20 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Regional Centers ACCOS-ACCOR Intercalibration Statistics made on 373 Xtals CF AF BF CR AR BR

21 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties Wavelength (nm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 300350400450500550600650 700 Longitudinal Transmission (%) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 3035404550556065707580 Transmission at 420nm (%) 6000 crystals no.of Xtals 55% 0 2 4 6 8 10 303540455055606570 75 80 Number of crystals Transmission at 420nm (%) Mean: 61.88% StDev. : 7.5% batch 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 30 35 40 45 505560 6570 7580 Transmission at 420nm (%) Mean: 69.01% StDev. : 1.59% batch 8 Transmission at 420nm (%) 11.04.01 Mean: 70.07% StDev. : 1.46% 0 50 100 150 3035404550556065707580 batch 14

22 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0.22.24.26.28.210.2 TTspread@50% (nm) # crystals 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.11.12.13.1 Slope@infl (%/nm) # crystals Pre-Production in China 01020304050607080 LT@360nm (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 # crystals 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 # crystals 01020304050607080 LT@420nm (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 # crystals 01020304050607080 LT@620nm (%) Transmission characteristics Statistics made on 100 crystals

23 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties Batch 1 to 7 depolished face +0.2 Batch 8 to 14 depolished face +0.39 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 -1.5-0.500.511.52 NuF Front (%/Xo) FNUF LY@8X0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 1 23 4 567 8 9 101112 13 14 15 16 LY@8X0 (pe/MeV) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -1.5-0.500.511.52 NuF Front (%/Xo) FNUF 0 100 200 300 400 500 01 2 3 45 6 78 91011121314 15 16 LY@8X0 (pe/MeV) LY@8X0

24 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties LY@8X0 (ACCOS measured) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0246810121416 LY (p.e./MeV) # crystals Pre-Production in China Light production characteristics Statistics made on 100 crystals

25 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties Front irrad., 1.5Gy, 0.15Gy/h LY irr /LY 0 (%) LYloss=(LY 0 -LY irr )/LY 0 (%)

26 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties LY loss (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 0123456789 N = 32 Xtals StDev : 1.21% Mean : 3.39% batch 1 Front irrad., 1.5Gy, 0.15Gy/h 0 20 40 60 80 100 00.511.522.533.544.555.566.577.588.599.510 LY loss (%) Statistics on 368 crystalsMean : 2.45 % StDev : 1.06% Rejected for LTslope < 1.5%/m Rejected for LT@350nm < 10% batch 8 0 4 8 12 16 20 N = 33 Xtals 012345678910 LY loss (%) StDev : 0.9% Mean : 1.92% batch 14 N = 19 Xtals StDev : 1.21% Mean : 0.92% 0 4 8 12 16 20 012345678910 LY loss (%)

27 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Crystal Properties Pre-Production in China Radiation hardness characteristics Change of total light output during front irradiation at 0.15 Gy/h data for 21 crystals LY irr /LY 0 (%)

28 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Pre-Production Results 6000 Crystals produced by BTCP Increased production rate yield Improved stability of parameters Xtals quality Sept. 1998 to Dec. 2000

29 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics To be produced before end 2004 : 56000 crystals for Barrel 16000 crystals for Endcaps Present status : 6000 preproduction crystals 2000 production crystals increased productivity is needed New crystal development : Ingot diameter increase Production Schedule Started in 2001

30 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Recent Developments 1996 Barrel 32 mm 1999 Endcap 44 mm End 2000 Barrel 65 mm Crystal Growth Technology Steps

31 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Recent Developments = 32 mm = 65 mm PWO crystals made in BTCP Bogoroditsk

32 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Recent Developments Large PWO crystals made in BTCP Bogoroditsk time (ns)% 30.080.3 50.089.9 100.096.4 300.099.3 1000.099.9 1525.599.9 A. N. Anenkov et all, Scint2001 Conference scintillation characteristics

33 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Recent Developments A. N. Anenkov et all, Scint2001 Conference saturation dose radiation hardness longitudinal uniformity Large PWO crystals made in BTCP Bogoroditsk

34 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Recent Developments radiation hardness radial uniformity centerside A. N. Anenkov et all, Scint2001 Conference Large PWO crystals made in BTCP Bogoroditsk

35 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Recent Developments radiation hardness Large PWO crystals made in BTCP Bogoroditsk PWO 7365 1st irradiation at the Geneve Hospital 0 20 40 60 80 100 300350400450500550600650700 1i1 1irr1 Irr1 + 20' Irr1 + 40' Irr1 + 24h Transmission (%) Wavelength (nm) 60 Co 430 Gy

36 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics 3035404550556065707580 LT@420 count s Transmission at 420nm (%) N = 300 Mean: 69.91% StDev : 0.85% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Batch P2 from CERN/ISTC production contract #1718 was used to compare: –260 barrel crystals produced with the standard technology –40 barrel crystals produced with the new technology New vs Old Technology LT@360 count s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0510152025303540455055606570 Transmission at 360nm (%) N = 300 Mean: 31.36% StDev : 3.3%

37 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics 260 barrel crystals produced with the standard technology 40 barrel crystals produced with the new technology New vs Old Technology 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 012345678910 Slope@inflection (%/nm) N = 300 crystals Mean : 3.30%/nm StDev : 0.06%/nm LT slope@inflection counts 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 567891011121314 N = 300 crystals Mean : 9.1 pe/MeV StDev : 0.57 pe/MeV LY@8X0 Light Yield (pe/MeV) counts

38 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics New vs Old Technology Front irrad., 1.5Gy, 0.15Gy/h

39 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Success of the R&D phase –Increase of the production rate –good quality crystals –uniform optical properties Technology for ingots up to 65mm diameter is now well under control The possibility to further increase the as grown PWO diameter and to apply this approach to endcap crystals is realistic Present status of physics and technology of scintillating materials shows that the CMS Collaboration decision to use PWO crystals for the ECAL construction was the best possible choice Conclusions

40 Ioan Dafinei Regional Centre ECAL-CMS Rome ITALY Villa Olmo, Como 15-19 October 2001 Advanced Technology and Particle Physics Ready to Construct the CMS-ECAL 1st module of 400 crystals build in 2001 for ECAL CERN Lab.27 EP-CMA Casaccia & Conclusions

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