1. Connection
Connect your learning to the content of the lesson
Share the process by which the learning will actually take place
Explore the outcomes of the learning, emphasising why this will be beneficial for the learner
Demonstration
Use formative feedback – Assessment for Learning
Vary the groupings within the classroom for the purpose of learning – individual; pair; group/team; friendship; teacher selected; single sex; mixed sex
Offer different ways for the students to demonstrate their understanding
Allow the students to “show off” their learning
Consolidation
Structure active reflection on the lesson content and the process of learning
Seek transfer between “subjects”
Review the learning from this lesson and preview the learning for the next
Promote ways in which the students will remember
A “news broadcast” approach to learning
Activation
Construct problem-solving challenges for the students
Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK
Promote a language of learning to enable the students to talk about their progress or obstacles to it
Learning as an active process, so the students aren’t passive receptors

3. What does this stand for?

4. “C1.2 Limestone and Building”
Ks3 Science
Mr Powell 2012

7. C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.

8. A
Compounds....
TASK: Construct / Translate the information you see to match up the compounds, then draw them out.
The formula of a compound shows the number and type of atoms that are joined together to make the compound i.e.
Calcium carbonate
Calcium Oxide
Carbon dioxide
The names you see translate to atoms and chemicals.
C/D Ca O O O C O C Ca

9. A
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
Limestone, containing the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
Limestone and its products have many uses, including slaked lime, mortar, cement, concrete and glass. (Video Glass blowing!)

10. Making Glass….
Limestone, or calcium, is one of the three main ingredients in almost all glass sold commercially; the so called soda-lime-silicates. In the soda-lime-silicate family, silica (SiO2) the calcium makes the glass more chemically durable.
Without the calcium the glass would be susceptible to chemical attack by water (weathering).
Without the Calcium the alkali at the surface would react to the atmosphere (namely water) and the surface would become hazy and degraded.
Adding Calcium, which is a much less mobile ion than Sodium greatly reduces this surface interaction.

11. A
What is this concept...

12. CaCO3(s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. D
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated, it
breaks down to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This is called “Thermal decomposition”. Limestone and its products have many uses, including being used to make mortar, cement, concrete and glass
Calcium carbonate -> Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s) > CaO(s) CO2(g)
TASK: Watch out for heating CuCO3 too strongly or it will spit!
Draw a diagram to show what happens?
Also take a note of the formulae in words and symbols.
Book page 36

13. Carbonates Decomposition Summary
Colour before heating
Colour after heating
Gas evolved
Ease of decomposition
Potassium carbonate
white
none
very difficult
Sodium carbonate
Zinc carbonate
yellow when hot, white when cool
carbon dioxide
fairly easy
Lead carbonate
some melting / yellow
Copper carbonate
Green/blue
black
easy
Strong
bonds
Weak
bonds

14. Carbonates Decomposition Summary
Colour before heating
Colour after heating
Gas evolved
Ease of decomposition
Potassium carbonate
white
none
very difficult
Sodium carbonate
Zinc carbonate
yellow when hot, white when cool
carbon dioxide
fairly easy
Lead carbonate
some melting / yellow
Copper carbonate
Green/blue
black
easy
Strong
bonds
Weak
bonds

15. D
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
On an industrial scale the process can be achieved using a large rotary kiln.
The whole kiln turns as it “cooks” limestone which has a supply of hot air. Calcium oxide (Lime) comes of the bottom of the kiln. Waste gases leave through the top.
TASK: Using the diagram and formulae explain how it works. Use a diagram, bullet points and formulae as required.
B/C
CO2(g)
Air + carbon dioxide
Whole kiln rotates
CaCO3
Hot air
Lime out
CaO(s)
Calcium carbonate -> Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s) -> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Book page 37

16. a) In the Quarry....

17. Exploiting Limestone D
Write an article considering and evaluating the environmental, social and economic effects of exploiting limestone and producing building materials from it. (i.e. Concrete, road building, agriculture)
You will need to research the topic by reading about on the internet or from books in the local library.
Use search terms like;
“limestone pavements” or “limestone and its uses”
As an alternative answer the questions on page 44 in the book.
Book page 44

18. Complete your worksheet...
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way. – self study A
How easy it is to extract metals from their carbonate ores depends on how easily metal carbonates decompose.
In order to decide which metals can be obtained in this way, a student has planned the following experiment to compare how easily some metal carbonates decomposed.
From this he could work out an order for the carbonates, from least stable to most stable.
He used carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium.
He was told that most metal carbonates decompose on heating, releasing carbon dioxide and that carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy. The carbonate that takes the least time to turn the limewater cloudy is the least stable.
Complete your worksheet...
Book page 38

19. A
Work out the sentences... S ed

20. e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy. A
TASK: Conduct the exp, then draw a story board for what you did to describe your method.
Book page 40

21. Mini –Test – match them up
Common Name
Chemical Name
Symbol Name
Use
limestone a) b) c)
Quick lime
Calcium Oxide
CaO
Lime water (Roman times) d)
Calcium Hydroxide (Alkali) e) f)
Answers…. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Answers….
1) b
2) a
3) d
4) f
5) c
6) e
2) Calcium Carbonate
Self Assess
X/6
5) Paving and decoration (cement when added to clay)
1) CaCO3
4) Cleaning products or detection of CO2 gas
6) Ca(OH)2
3) limewater

22. Common Name Chemical Name Symbol Name Use
Mini –Test - Answers
Common Name
Chemical Name
Symbol Name
Use
limestone
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3
Paving and decoration (cement when added to clay)
Quick lime
Calcium Oxide
CaO
Lime water (Roman times)
limewater
Calcium Hydroxide (Alkali)
Ca(OH)2
Cleaning products or detection of CO2 gas

23. e) Reactions....

24. Heating limestone chip
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids. D
This idea is more simple than it seems. If you heat a limestone chip (calcium carbonate) it loses CO2 from its structure so becomes CaO (calcium oxide) or quicklime
Then you add water H2O and it forms calcium hydroxide. We call this slaked lime.
TASK: Draw out the flow chart in your own form...
C/D
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3
Loses CO2
Heating limestone chip
White powder
CaO
Quicklime
Calcium Oxide
Ca(OH)2
Slacked Lime
Alkali formed in water
Adding Water

25. g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete. A
TASK: Use the flowchart to tell another person about how we get from one chemical to another.
Write a sequence for how...
Limestone forms mortar
Quicklime forms lime mortar
Limestone makes concrete
Book page 42

26. T Cycle... This process can in fact be turned into a simple cycle.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or from industrial combustion processes react with hydrated lime to convert it back to limestone. 

27. P Limestone CaCO3 Slacked Lime Quicklime / Calcium Oxide Ca(OH)2 CaCO
Fill in the blanks
Limestone
CaCO3
Limestone
CaCO3
Slacked Lime
Ca(OH)2
Quicklime / Calcium Oxide
CaCO
Slacked Lime
Ca(OH)2
Quicklime / Calcium Oxide
CaCO
Book page 36

28. f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain. A
Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. For example:
Since limestone is mostly calcium carbonate, it is damaged by acid rain.
Sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate and copper carbonate also react with acids.
They fizz when in contact with acids, and the carbon dioxide released can be detected using limewater.
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → carbon dioxide + calcium chloride + water
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O
TASK: Use the information here to explain why acid rain is an issue for limestone statues, include the equations in your answer.

29. Making Concrete Blocks
Here are some examples of types of brick or blocks that can now be cast in concrete rather than pressed in clay.

30. More on Concrete Blocks
The most common size of solid concrete blocks is 300x200x150mm. The basic raw material is cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.
Very little water is used. This is possible only with mechanised compaction and vibration and gives the block high quality in spite of the lean mix, which uses very little cement. Weight of a concrete block is about kg.
Concrete blocks can be surface engineered by using pieces of stone or ceramic waste on their face. Another common type is hollow concrete blocks. They are made with a richer mix, but offer a number of advantages, such as lighter weight, easier handling and facility for conducting or reinforcement through the hollows.

31. Learn this flowchart of information
Quick Summary….
When limestone is heated with clay it forms cement, a substance that sets gradually when it reacts with water.
Cement can be made into mortar by adding sand and water.
Mortar is used to set the bricks in walls, as when it dries it acts as an adhesive between the bricks.
Limestone is made up of the shells of millennia old dead sea creatures.
Layers of these built up over millions of years, and were squashed together until they formed limestone.
This means it is a sedimentary rock
Cement can also be made into concrete by adding water, sand and small stones or gravel.
Concrete is used for all kinds of building work, including paths, walls and large buildings.
Learn this flowchart of information
Copy and colour code!

32. Carbon Steel Reinforcing...
Steel with a low carbon content has properties similar to iron.
As the carbon content rises, the metal becomes harder and stronger but less ductile and more difficult to weld.
In general, higher carbon content lowers the melting point and its temperature resistance.
The carbon content influences the yield strength of steel because carbon atoms fit into the crystal lattice of the metal (BCC) and it turn hardens the iron. We call the carbon mixture a “carbon steel alloy”.
TASK: Interpret and make a note of this key point in your book.
D-E

33. E
Exam Question
The diagram shows some reinforced concrete. Which one of the following is the best material to use to reinforce concrete?
cast iron
low carbon steel
high carbon steel
stainless steel
HT Nov 07

34. P F T True or False Lime mortar can set under water.
The Roman method for making underwater mortar was used in the seventeenth century.
Portland cement is a mixture.
Concrete is poor at resisting compressive forces.
Concrete is poor at resisting tension.
Slacked lime is Ca(OH)2.
Marble is a form of limestone.
CaO is the formula for calcium oxide F T

35. thermal CaCO3 calcium decomposition cement concrete glass
Fill in the blanks
TASK: Copy & Complete
Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate ( whose chemical formula is …………..)
As well as being used to produce blocks of building material, limestone can be used to produce ……………, ……………….. and…………….. that can also be used in building.
The process of converting calcium carbonate to calcium oxide is called
thermal CaCO3 calcium decomposition cement concrete glass
calcium
CaCO3
cement
concrete
glass
thermal decomposition
D/E

36. E
Exam Question
The flow diagram shows what happens when a sample of limestone is strongly heated, and water is then added to the solid product.
Match substances;
calcium carbonate
calcium hydroxide
calcium oxide
carbon dioxide
FT Nov 07

37. Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition cement concrete glass
C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 1
Exam Question (FT)…
The flow diagram shows what happens when a sample of limestone is strongly heated, and water is then added to the solid product.
Match substances;
calcium carbonate
calcium hydroxide
calcium oxide
carbon dioxide
Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate ( whose chemical formula is …………..)
As well as being used to produce blocks of building material, limestone can be used to produce ……………, ……………….. and…………….. that can also be used in building.
The process of converting calcium carbonate to calcium oxide is called
Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition cement concrete glass

38. Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition cement concrete glass
C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 1
Exam Question (FT)…
The flow diagram shows what happens when a sample of limestone is strongly heated, and water is then added to the solid product.
Match substances;
calcium carbonate
calcium hydroxide
calcium oxide
carbon dioxide
Limestone is mostly made of ……………… carbonate ( whose chemical formula is …………..)
As well as being used to produce blocks of building material, limestone can be used to produce ……………, ……………….. and…………….. that can also be used in building.
The process of converting calcium carbonate to calcium oxide is called
Thermal CaCO3 calcium Decomposition cement concrete glass

39. C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 2 - Homework
Complete and explain these two equations, the information is on the web link below....
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O

40. C1.2 Limestone and Building Sheet 2 - Homework
Complete and explain these two equations the information is on the web link below....
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O

41. Ideal Revision Notes...

42. C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.
C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.
C1.2 Limestone and Building
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material.
b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way.
d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.
e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
f) Carbonates react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain.
g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.

43. Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
1 calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide (4 marks)

44. Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
2 a sodium carbonate (1 mark)
b zinc carbonate (1 mark)
c copper carbonate (1 mark)
d calcium carbonate (1 mark)
Strong
bonds
Carbonate
Colour before heating
Colour after heating
Gas evolved
Ease of decomposition
Potassium carbonate
white
none
very difficult
Sodium carbonate
Zinc carbonate
yellow when hot, white when cool
carbon dioxide
fairly easy
Lead carbonate
some melting / yellow
Copper carbonate
Green/blue
black
easy
Weak
bonds

45. Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
3 reacts, produces, escapes, dissolves (4 marks)

46. Page 47 Exam Style Questions…
4 a carbon dioxide (1 mark)
b i calcium hydroxide (1 mark)
ii Calcium hydroxide is made when calcium oxide reacts with water and this is alkaline/turns UI purple OR calcium carbonate/limestone does not react with water/is neutral and would give a green colour with UI (2 marks)
c i It is or contains calcium carbonate (1 mark)
ii No – because some limestone/calcium carbonate remained OR not all of the limestone/calcium carbonate decomposed on heating (1 mark)
d CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2+ 2H2O (3 marks)