1. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Resource issues in the Steel Industry Industrial Technologies 2012 Integrating nano, materials and production Resource-Efficient Process Industries Workshop Aarhus, 19-21 June 2012 Jean-Pierre BIRAT, Jean-Sébastien THOMAS, Pete HODGSON, Phlippe RUSSO, Valentina COLLA, José Ignacio BARBERO, Borja PEÑA, Hermann WOLFMEIER, Enrico MALFA

2. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Steel production, world (Mt/yr)

3. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Access to Resources, Security of Supply, Scarcities, Criticity, Material Efficiency

4. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Concepts, words & practices access to resources: the Steel model has been globalization, since the 1908s, with very large capsize vessels and sourcing from Brazil & Australia of very high grade iron ore and coals security of supply: not an issue for the time being in Europe Scarcity-scarcities: Long-Term scarcity: absolutely not! Short-Term scarcity: definitely yes! Materials efficiency: Reduce, Reuse & Recycle (3R's), organize Industrial Ecology synergies

5. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Resources for steel and structural materials Virgin Iron (iron ore) – virgin metal (ores) Scrap Iron (recycled, secondary) – metal scrap Reducing Agent (coal, coking coal, natural gas, oil, electricity) Alloying elements (Mn, Cr, Ni, Ti, Va, Nb, Al, B, Cu, Pb, Mo, Si, S, Zr, Fe) Refractories Logistics (transportation infrastructure and transport vehicles/vessels, "oceans' viginity") Land and ecological services

6. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Raw materials for the Steel sector

7. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Major traits and trends Long-term scarcity is never an issue Short-term scarcity induces price volatility and forces strategies of vertical upstream integration Criticity is not an issue: this is the reason for the robustness of the steel sector, a core, structural & sustainable (historically!) material with high social value a few hot spots (Ni, Ti, low-Fe bauxite, etc.) related to geopolitical issues, oligopolies, not real scarcity. But this may be just as serious… Recycling of iron works well but we are moving to a closed loop economy for steel & iron: new issues… many Industrial Ecology synergies already in place: more can be done, but the price needs to be right limits are due to the finiteness of the planet, not of resources we need (logistics, land use)

8. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Iron mines in the world…

9. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation New mines opening up in Scandinavia

10. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Vertical integration of the steel business (example of ArcelorMittal)

11. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Ecodesign 3R's "Reduce"

12. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Ecodesign, reduce, dematerialization Ecodesign of steel processes ( SAT), steel grades, steel solutions, consumer goods Ecodesign of the life-cycle: design for recycling (DfR), design for dismantling (DfD), design for shredding (DfS), design for sustainability (DfS) Sustainability Assessment of Technologies (SAT) Lightweighting & its limits, do more with less more durable, longer-life products more intensive use of products (car sharing, curbside cars) dematerialization, lean economy, zero and near-growth, slow economy, etc. need for methodologies…

13. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Reutilization 3R's "Reuse"

14. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Reuse… the model of the pre-industrial and traditional societies beams, rails, sheet piles are fairly commonly reused (Julian Allwood, WellMet2050 project) DfR: Design for Reuse. What might the business models look like and what systems would need to be in place for these to be viable?

15. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Recycling, material to material 3R's "Recycle"

16. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Recycling (material to material) Steel is recycled indefinitely ("the most recycled material"): 85% Steel recycling is NOT an externality (=makes money, has been making money) Recycling leads to a closed-loop economy, over possibly the next 50 years… Steel recycling allows for the co-recycling of other alloying elements

17. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Recycling… (C2B, material to material) there are many different kinds of recycling Recycling does not always make good sense! Neither from a physical nor from an economic standpoint (e.g. cement, many plastics, CO 2 )

18. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Industrial ecology models of downgraded recycling

19. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Other recycling… B2B a recognized practice. Examples from the steel sector: slag to clinker, EAF dust to Zn smelting, waste heat to district heat, etc. a matter of economics… best routes should pay for themselves; subsidies and taxes should remain within reason and help new technology start up their learning curve there are most probably many potential new options and opportunities to examine and many models (zero waste, urban mining, industrial mining, waste water recovery), which ought to be examined critically.. not simply taken for granted!

20. Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Conclusions?

21. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Conclusions… a long, 35 page ESTEP roadmap… with more than 40 directions to explore, which ought to let steel and steel- using sectors (=virtually the whole economy) become more resource- and energy-efficient, greener and more sustainable… no serious long term resource issues (scarcity), but price volatility due to oligopolies, market organization, speculation recycling in general requires much thought for the future at a technical level (quality of scrap, etc.) and in terms of internalization (industrial ecology synergies) Resource scarcity applies to things like logistics and ecological services (water, ocean, biodiversity)

22. Policy Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Thank you! Jean-Pierre BIRAT, Jean-Sébastien THOMAS, Pete HODGSON, Phlippe RUSSO, ARCELORMITTAL, France Valentina COLLA, SSSA, Italy José Ignacio BARBERO, Borja PEÑA, Tecnalia, Spain Hermann WOLFMEIER, voestalpine, Austria Enrico MALFA, CSM, Italy