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Vein adaptation to arterialization in an experimental model

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1 Vein adaptation to arterialization in an experimental model
Alex Westerband, MDa, Dana Crouse, BSa, Lynne C. Richter, BAb, Maria L. Aguirre, MDb, Christopher C. Wixon, MDa, Donovan C. James, MDa, Joseph L. Mills, MDa, Glenn C. Hunter, MDa, Ronald L. Heimark, PhDb  Journal of Vascular Surgery  Volume 33, Issue 3, Pages (March 2001) DOI: /mva Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

2 Fig. 1 Photograph showing the epigastric interposition vein graft in the femoral artery of the Lewis rat vein graft model. Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

3 Fig. 2 Scanning electron photomicrograph illustrating the surface characteristics of the rat epigastric vein A, before implantation and B, 1 day after implantation in the arterial circulation. Note the significant endothelial denudation and platelet deposition (white arrow ; magnification, 4000×). Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

4 Fig. 3 Morphologic assessment of arterialized vein graft in the Lewis rat model by means of Masson trichrome stain. A, Normal epigastric vein before implantation (original magnification, 31×). Insert shows a segment of the vein wall at higher magnification (80×). B, Arterialized vein graft at 2 days postimplantation. Note significant smooth muscle loss in tunica media (original magnification, 31×). C, Arterialized vein graft at 7 days after implantation. Note presence of layered nonocclusive recanalized thrombus. There is abundant microvasculature throughout the vein graft wall (original magnification, 31×). Insert shows microvessels in a segment of the graft wall (magnification, 40×). D, Arterialized vein graft at 70 days. There is a developed neointima, and the tunica media has well regenerated. The internal elastic lamina is well delineated (arrowhead ). The arrow indicates external elastic lamina (original magnification, 80×). L , Lumen; T, thrombus; i, intima; m, media; a, adventitia; mv, microvessels. Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

5 Fig. 4 Transmission electron micrograph illustrating typical features of apoptosis in a rat vein graft specimen harvested 2 days after implantation. A, At an earlier stage, there is chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, and vacuolization of the cytoplasm. B, At a later stage, apoptotic bodies have been engulfed by a neighboring cell (magnification, 5400×). Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

6 Fig. 5 Immunolabeling for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Arrows indicate replicating nuclei appearing as dark black (original magnification, 80×). L, Lumen; PCNA , proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

7 Fig. 6 Detection of apoptosis. Arterialized vein graft at 7 days after implantation showing apoptosis by means of the TUNEL method. Arrows indicate TUNEL-positive nuclei appearing as dark brown (original magnification, 80×). L, Lumen; TUNEL , transferasemediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling. Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

8 Fig. 7 Profiles of PCNA and TUNEL indices represented graphically in a 30-day period. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. PCNA and TUNEL labeling indices (%) are represented on the y axis, and time is indicated on the x axis. *Statistical differences (P <.006) compared with controls. PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TUNEL, transferase-medicated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling. Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

9 Fig. 8 RT-PCR analysis of VEGF and TGFβ1 transcripts in rat vein graft specimens at different time points after arterialization. There is upregulation of both VEGF and TGFβ1 mRNA at 1 day. No expression is detected in the control vein. GAPDH primers are used for reference. VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF β1 ; transforming growth factor beta-1. Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva ) Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

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