1. Effects of papaverine on smooth muscle cell morphology and vein graft preparation 
Vikrom S. Sottiurai, M.D., Ph.D., Shirley Lim Sue, M.S., Robert C. Batson, M.D., Daniel J. Frey, M.D., Hauthin Khaw, M.D. 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 2, Issue 6, Pages (November 1985)
DOI: / (85)
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Artist's drawing of digital compression of mid-portion of vein segment to avoid mechanical distension while two end portions are mechanically distended with Plasmanate alone or Plasmanate plus papaverine to 150 or 300 mm Hg. Prolene sutures marked arbitrary division of vein segment into three equal portions.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Ex vivo arteriograms with Renografin 76 depicting dilated vein segments compared with carotid arteries at two ends. However, there is no segmental aneurysmal or stenotic change following different modes of vein preparation; nondistension (center portion indicated by arrows) and mechanically distended to 150 or 300 mm Hg at two ends (Plasmanate with and without papaverine). These are vein segments harvested 9 months following implantation.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Doppler waveforms of vein interposition graft to carotid artery immediately after operation and at time of harvest 9 months later. There are no demonstrable Doppler waveform changes in vein graft of different preparations following arterial circulation.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
A, Electron micrograph of vein segment distended to 150 mm Hg with Plasmanate plus papaverine before implantation. Extensive intimal and medial cellular hyperplasia and outer media fibroplasia with abundant elastic tissue characterize arterialization of vein graft 9 months after arterial circulation. Lu = lumen; E = endothelium; SM = smooth muscle cell; MF = myofibroblast; C = collagen bundles; e = elastic tissue. (Original magnification, × 1265.) B, Electron micrograph of vein segment distended with Plasmanate to 150 mm Hg before implantation. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) adherent to endothelium (E) and marked fibroplasia to intima and media with paucity of cellular components characterize mechanically distended vein graft harvested 9 months following arterial circulation. (Original magnification, ×1265.)
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
A, Electron micrograph of nondistended vein harvested 9 months following implantation. Marked cellular hyperplasia is evident in intima and media with fibroplasia in outer media. Lu = lumen; E = endothelium; MF = myofibroblast; SM = smooth muscle cells; C = collagen bundles; e = elastic tissue. (Original magnification, × 2070.) B, Electron micrograph of controlled internal jugular vein segment. Smooth muscle cells are sparse and located predominantly in intima. Abundant collagen bundles constitute remaining venous wall. (Original magnification, × 2880.)
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
A, Electron micrograph demonstrating myofibroblast (modified smooth muscle cell) from media of vein segment. This cell is responsible for extracellular connective tissue matrix synthesis in intima and media. Myofilaments (mf), dense body (db), indented nucleus, and basal lamina are some characteristic features that differentiate myofibroblast from fibroblast. Arrow, collagen fibers extruded into extracellular space via exocytosis. MF = myofibroblast. (Original magnification, × 15,600.) B, Electron micrograph of vasa vasorum found in media of vein segment harvested 9 months following arterial circulation. Vein was distended with Plasmanate to 150 mm Hg before implantation. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and monocyte (M) are found surrounding vasa vasorum (VV) in media of vein graft. E = endothelium; RBC = red blood cell; C = collagen. (Original magnification, × 1386.) C, Electron micrograph depicts elastic tissue (e) randomly distributed in collagen bundles (C). Latter has no definite pattern of orientation. (Original magnification, × 3200.) D, Electron micrograph exhibits characteristic features of medial fibrosis; there are few cellular elements with abundant collagen fibers surrounding smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts (MF). Collagen fibers (C) are wavy and interlaminate with cellular components. Both smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers have the same orientation. (Original Magnification, × 6900.)
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

8. Fig. 7
A, Electron micrograph depicting polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) penetrating endothelial lining (E) to gain access to subendothelial space. Lu = lumen; M = monocyte; T = thrombocyte; MF = myofibroblast. (Original magnification, × 4160.) B, Electron micrograph from vein segment distended with Plasmanate before implantation. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) underlies endothelium (E). Tip of arrow indicates intercellular space between the endothelial cells. C = collagen fibers; e = elastic tissue. (Original magnification, × 14,200.)
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions