1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2. Effects in the concerned areas 1.It completely disrupts the normal day to day life 2.It negatively influences the emergency systems 3.Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and deteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.

3. TYPES OF DISASTER Generally, disasters are of two types – Natural and Manmade. Based on the devastation, these are further classified into major/minor natural disaster and major/minor manmade disasters. Some of the disasters are listed below Major natural disasters: Flood Cyclone Drought Earthquake Minor natural disasters: Cold wave Thunderstorms Heat waves Mud slides Storm

4. Major natural disasters: Flood Cyclone Drought Earthquake

5. Minor natural disasters: Cold wave Thunderstorms Heat waves Mud slides Storm

6. Major manmade disaster: Setting of fires Epidemic Deforestation Pollution due to prawn cultivation Chemical pollution. Wars Minor manmade disaster: Road / train accidents, riots Food poisoning Industrial disaster/ crisis Environmental pollution

7. Major manmade disaster: Setting of fires, Epidemic,, Deforestation, Pollution due to prawn cultivation, Chemical pollution., Wars

8. Minor manmade disaster: Road / train accidents, riots, Food poisoning Industrial disaster/ crisis,Environmental pollution

9. The Disaster Management Cycle

10. Comparison of Damage Caused by Three Recent Disasters

11. Disaster Warning Key parties that play major roles in the disaster management process, especially in disaster warning. Communities, Local governments National governments Regional institutions and organizations International bodies Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) The private sector The media The scientific community

12. Channels Used for Disaster Warning Radio and Television Telephone (Fixed and Mobile) Short Message Service Satellite Radio Internet/Email GIS and Remote Sensing in Disaster Management

13. FLOODS When snow on a mountain melts or when a river or a lake of some sort overflows causes floods. Other causes can include flooding from water displacement, such as in a landslide, the failure of a dam, an earthquake induced tsunami, a hurricanes storm surge or melt water from volcanic activity. Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by high tides caused by severe winds on ocean surfaces, or by tsunami waves caused by undersea earthquakes. A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area

15. Flood management Mapping of the flood prone area. Land use control Construction of engineered structures Flood control Notable floods

16. CYCLONE A cyclone is an meteorological phenomena in which an area of low pressure characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere of the earth.

22. Polar cyclone Polar low Extra-tropical Sub-tropical Tropical

23. CYCLONES AND MITIGRATION MEASURES Typical cyclones are the worst natural hazards in the tropics. They are large revolving vortices in the atmosphere extending horizontally from 150-1000 km and vertically from the surface from 12-14 km. These are intense low-pressure areas. Strong winds spiraling anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere blow around the cyclone center at the low level. At the higher levels, the sence of rotation is just opposite to that at the lower level. They generally move 300-5000 km per day over the ocean. While moving over the ocean, they pick up energy from the warm water of the ocean and some of them grow into a devastating intensity.

24. Cyclones On an average, about 5-6 tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea every year out of which 2-3 may be severe. The main dangers from cyclones are very strong winds, torrential rains and high storm tides. Most of the causalities are caused by coastal inundation by storms tides. This is often followed by heavy rainfall and floods. Storm surges cause the greatest destruction. Although one cannot control cyclones, the effects of cyclones can be mitigated through effective mitigation policies and strategies. A brief description of the same is described below.

25. Land Slides and Mitigation Measures Landslides are occurring phenomena in the Himalayan region. In the recent years, however, intensive construction activity and the destabilizing forces of nature have aggravated the problem. Landslides occur as a result of changes on a slope, sudden or gradual either in its composition, structure,,hydrology or vegetation. The changes can be due to geology, climate,weathering, changing land use and earthquakes. A significant reduction- in the hazards caused by landslides can be achieved by prevention the exposure of population and facilitates to landslides and by physically controlling the landslides.

26. Development programs that involve modification of the topography, exploitation of natural resources and change in the balance load on the ground should not be permitted. Some critical measures that could be undertaken to prevent further landslides are drainage measures, erosion control measures such bamboo check-dams, terracing, jute and coir netting and rock control measures such as grass plantation, vegetated dry masonry walls, retaining walls and, most importantly, preventing deforestation and improving afforestation. Disasters cannot be totally prevented. However, early warning systems, careful planning and preparedness on part of the vulnerable community would help in minimizing the loss of life and property due to these disasters.

27. Disaster management strategies Need to make sure that risk assessments and vulnerability reduction measures are taken into account in different fields, such as environmental management, poverty reduction and financial management. Second, it is essential to note that current development practices do not necessarily reduce community vulnerability to disasters – indeed, ill-advised and misdirected development practices may actually increase disaster risks. A considerable challenge remains in raising awareness of this concern and to influence and enhance existing development projects, poverty reduction strategies and other programmes to systematically reduce disaster risk.