1. Virtual Hierarchies to Support Server Consolidation Michael Marty and Mark Hill University of Wisconsin - Madison

2. What is Server Consolidation? Multiple server applications are deployed onto Virtual Machines (VMs), running on a single, more powerful server. Feasibility Virtualization Technology (VT) – Hardware and software Many-core CMPs – Suns Niagara (32 threads); Intels Tera-scale project (100s tiles)

3. CMP Running Consolidated Servers

4. Characteristics Isolating the function of VMs Isolating the performance of consolidated servers Facilitating dynamic reassignment of VM resources (processor, memory) Supporting inter-VM memory sharing (content-based page sharing)

5. How Memory System Optimized? Minimize AMAT by servicing misses within a VM Minimize interference among separate VMs to isolate performance Facilitate dynamic reassignment of cores, caches, and memory to VMs Inter-VM page sharing

6. Current CMP Memory Systems Global broadcast – Not viable for such a large number of tiles Global directory – Forcing memory accesses to cross chip, failing to minimize AMAT and isolate performance Statically distributing dir among tiles – Better, complicating memory allocation, VM reassignment & scheduling, limiting sharing opportunity

7. DRAM Dir with Dir Cache (DRAM-DIR) Main dir in DRAM; Dir cache in Memory Controller Each tile is a sharer of the data Any miss issues a request to dir. 1. Failing to minimize AMAT -Significant latency to reach dir, even data is near 2. Allows performance of one VM to affect others -due to interconnect and directory contention.

8. Duplicate Tag Directory (TAG-DIR) Centrally located Fails to minimize AMAT Dir contentions Challenging as the number of cores increases (64 cores, 16-way => 1024-way)

9. Static Cache Bank Dir (STATIC-BANK-DIR) Home tile (decided by block address or page frame no.) Home tile maintains sharer & states A local miss asks for home tile A replacement from home tile invalidates all copies Fails to meet minimizing AMAT, VM isolation (Even worse, due to invalidations.)

10. Solution: Two-level virtual hierarchy Level 1 directory for intra-VM coherence Minimizing memory access time Isolating performance Two alternative global level two protocols for inter-VM coherence Allowing for inter-VM sharing due to migration, reconfiguration, page sharing VH A and VH B

11. Level 1 Intra-VM Dir Protocol Home tile within the VM Who is home? Not necessarily power of 2 Dynamic reassignment Dynamic home tiles by VM config Table (64-entry) 64 bit vector for each dir entry

12. Level 2 – Option 1: VH A Dir in DRAM and Dir Cache in Memory Controller Each entry contains a full 64-bit vector Why not home tile ID?

13. Brief Summary Level-one Intra-VM protocol handles most of the coherence Level-two protocol will only be used for inter-VM sharing and dynamic reconfiguration of VMs Can we reduce the complexity of Level-two protocol?

14. Level 2 – Option 2: VH B A single bit tracks whether a block has any cached copies. Broadcast for misses for inter-VM sharing if bit is set.

15. Advantage of Level 2 Broadcast Reduce the complexity of protocol, get rid of many transient states Enables level 1 proto to be inexact Using limited or coarse-grain vector Even no state with broadcast within VM No home tag for private data Victimize a tag without invalidating sharers Accessing memory with prediction without checking the home tile first

16. Uncontended L1-to-L1 Sharing latency

17. Normalized Runtime: Homogenous STATIC-BANK-DIR & VHA consumes tag space in static or dynamic home tiles VHB: no home tiles for private data

18. Memory System Stall Cycle

19. Cycle per Transaction for Mixed VHB best overall performance, lowest cpt DRAM-DIR: 45%-55% hit rate in the 8MB Dir Cache (no partition) STATIC: slightly better for oltp, worse for jbb in mixed1, allow interference, allow oltp to use other VMs resource

20. Conclusion Future memory system should be optimized for workload consolidation as well as single-workload. Maximize shared memory accesses serviced within a VM Minimize interference among separate VMs Facilitate dynamic reassignment of resource