1. Civil rights movement

2. Warm-Up: Pick up NOTES PACKET on front cart.
Schedule
Warm Up:
Discrimination against African-Americans—Voting, Court Challenges, Jim Crow, Segregation, Black Codes & NAACP
Cooperative Work
Closure: How did discrimination impact African-Americans?
Assignment: Packet page 1 due

3. Warm-Up: Word-Web on page 9
Schedule:
Warm-Up
PowerPoint: Brown v. Board of Education Topeka Kansas 1954
Brown v. Board arguments
Segregation in 21st century America
Key Question: How did the Brown v. Board case impact American society??
Assignment: Packet page 1 due

4. Court Decisions and Grassroots Organizing
Blacks had been fighting for equality since Civil War
Wanted political rights, better jobs, & end to segregation
Supreme Court decisions & grassroots movement (locally organized by ordinary citizens) helped expand civil rights

6. Brown Takes on Plessy v. Ferguson
NAACP benefited from these changes
They established fund to pay for legal challenges to segregation
Still, “separate but equal” law in effect in 1950s
1950s, African Americans sued to end segregation – integrate – in public schools
Before then, white school boards gave white schools newer books, equipment, & school buildings than black schools
Schools were separate, but they were NOT equal
Thurgood Marshall, NAACP lawyer, led the fight against segregation in courts

7. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954
Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Court said that because facilities are separate, they can never be equal
America’s schools should be integrated
Brown decision limited to public schools

8. Warm-Up Answer question at top of page 13 in Notes Packet
Schedule
Warm Up:
Rosa Parks Reading
Rosa Park perceptions of agency
Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott Notes
Closure: How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott enhance African-American civil rights?
HW: Assignment packet page 1 due Wednesday

9. The Way Things Were…
Black people could not sit just anywhere they wanted in the bus. They had to sit in the back of the bus. If white people were already sitting in the front of the bus, the black person had to pay the fare, get off the bus, and reenter at the back door. Sometimes the bus driver just drove off and left them before they could get back on at the back door. If the bus filled up with people, the driver would ask a black person to move so he could reposition the movable sign which divided the black and white sections.

11. Rosa Parks December 1, 1955, in Montgomery,
Alabama, Rosa Parks got on bus to ride home
Group of white people got on board along way
Bus driver told Parks & other blacks to move to back of bus
Everyone obeyed except Parks
Parks was arrested
But this event started movement
to end segregation in US

12. Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955, Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat on bus
News of her arrest spread quickly
NAACP & churches asked blacks to boycott riding buses – Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott is type of political activism –
direct action taken to support or oppose
a social or political goal

13. That night, NAACP held meeting
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Baptist minister from Georgia – told them “we’re tired of being segregated & humiliated”
Boycott went on for 13 months
King & other leaders faced death threats, bombings, jailings
Supreme Court eventually
declared bus segregation illegal
Now blacks could sit wherever
they wanted on buses

14. Results of boycott:
Ended segregation on Montgomery buses
Led to founding of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Coordinated nonviolent civil rights protests all over South
Boycott made Martin Luther King national figure in civil rights movement

15. Warm-Up Answer question at top of page 18 in notes packet
Schedule
Warm Up:
Little Rock Nine photo analysis
Little Rock Nine Notes
Warriors Don’t Cry Excerpts
Closure: How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott enhance African-American civil rights?
HW: Assignment packet page

16. Civil Rights Supporters Face Violence
Civil rights victories angered Southern whites
Ku Klux Klan used beatings, arson, murder to threaten blacks
Many whites organized groups called White Citizens Councils to prevent desegregation
Opposition of whites to desegregation – “massive resistance”

17. Showdown in Little Rock
Massive resistance threatened school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas
After Brown case, Little Rock school board planned to integrate
9 black kids go to Central High School – “the Little Rock Nine”

18. Segregationists tried to stop them
Governor Orval Faubus ordered National Guard to prevent students from entering school
Went on for 3 weeks
September 24, President Eisenhower ordered 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock
The paratroopers protected the students as they went to school

19. Sit-Ins Energize the Movement
Victories like one in Little Rock encouraged others to fight for rights
1960, 4 black college students started sit-in at lunch counter in Greensboro, NC
Sit-in – protest where people sit & refuse to move until demands met

20. Students ordered coffee – waitress said no b/c they were black
Students came back each day w/ more protestors (over 100)
Following weeks, 1000s of protestors held sit-ins in South
Segregationists began abusing protestors
Threw acid & ammonia, yelled & beat them, burned w/ cigarettes
Protests eventually forced stores w/ lunch counters to serve African Americans

21. Out of this movement, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed
Student-led group which used nonviolence tactics to pressure for change

22. Warm-Up: Civil Rights Quiz
Schedule
Warm Up:
When finished with quiz, complete Assignment Packet page + text reading
Closure: How was discrimination utilized to weaken civil rights of African Americans? How was the civil rights movement strengthened?
Assignment: Packet page 2 due

23. Warm-Up: Complete top part of page 23 in NOTES PACKET
Schedule:
Warm-Up
Civil Rights Movement Notes
Birmingham Protest Video & Questions
Equal Rights Notes
Closure: How did ‘2nd class’ Americans fight for equality??
Assignment: Packet page 2 due

24. The Movement Gains Strength
Early 1960s, Congress did not act on civil rights issues
However, ordinary people all over America were joining civil rights movement
As this grassroots movement grew, politicians forced to get involved

25. Kennedy and Civil Rights
1960, America elected new president
Southern Democrats supported segregation
Kennedy did not want to anger them (could prevent him getting reelected)
But civil rights activists kept pressuring the govt.
May 1961, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) staged freedom rides
Despite attacks, freedom riders kept going
Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect them
4 months later, federal govt. integrated all interstate bus facilities

26. Protests in Birmingham
1960s, civil rights movement gained strength
Blacks in Birmingham, AL wanted to integrate public places, get better jobs, & better housing
Protestors knew Public Safety Commissioner would use violence to stop protests
Also knew sight of segregationists beating up nonviolent protestors would increase America’s pressure for change

27. Demonstration began April 1963 – cops arrested & held Dr. King
SCLC used children in protests
Police used dogs & firehouses on them
People watched on television – they were horrified
Soon Birmingham’s leaders desegregated lunch counters, removed segregation signs, & hired more black workers

28. Freedom Rides
Protests against segregation on interstate buses in South
During rides, whites would sit in back, blacks sit in front
Along the way, blacks would try to use “whites only” facilities
Many were attacked for doing so

29. Equal Rights Struggle: Mexican-Americans
Mexican Americans united to fight for equality
1950s, Cesar Chavez worked w/ Dolores Huerta to create labor union
Chavez inspired by Dr. King & Ghandi (nonviolent)
1962, Chavez formed United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)
1965, California grape growers refused to recognize union
Chavez organized boycott of grapes – it worked

30. Farm workers inspired Mexican Americans in cities to organize
Students walked out of class to get better facilities, more Mexican American teachers
This action led to many reforms
1970, Mexican Americans formed La Raza Unida to elect Mexican Americans to public office
Lead to better jobs, pay, housing, education

31. Native American Activism
As America grew, Indians lost their land & millions of their people
Surviving Indians forced onto reservations (poverty)
Many children forced into “Indian schools”
Indian language & culture forbidden here
Indian children taught to assimilate – blend into white culture

33. 1950s, Bureau of Indian Affairs started “termination policy”
State governments would control Indians
Indians also lost another 1.6 million acres
Indians united against termination policy
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) – founded to protect Indians – led protests
Govt. changed policy 1958

34. By 1960s, Indians were least wealthy & least healthy of all groups in U.S.
Indian unemployment – 10 times country’s average
Life expectancy – 20 years shorter than country’s average
1961, Indians issued Declaration of Indian Purpose – wanted to control own lives
Demanded rights for people on reservations & acceptance of Indian laws
1970s, Indians won control of social programs, law enforcement, & education
Native Americans also won back some land
Also went to court over hunting & fishing rights on old land

35. The Women’s Movement Revives
Women’s rights movement began mid-1800s
Victory achieved 1920 – women gained right to vote
But women still had few rights & job opportunities
WWII, 7 million women filled jobs for men
When soldiers came home, many women lost jobs

36. 1960s, women still discriminated against at work & few legal rights
Married women could not sign contracts, sell property, or get credit
Women could lose job if got pregnant (encouraged to quit)
In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan described problem for women:
Women wanted more than husband, children, & home

37. 1966 Friedan started National Organization for Women (NOW)
Tried to help women get good jobs & equal pay
1966, 4% of lawyers & 1% of judges were women
Women earned only 60% of what men earned
2012, women still only earned 78% of what men did
Problem – “Glass Ceiling” – invisible barrier keeping women from advancing
2012, women lead 18 of 500 biggest companies in US

38. The Movement’s Impact
1972 Congress passed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Equality shall not be denied or abridged (shortened) by government because of gender
Tried to protect women against discrimination & help them achieve equality in jobs, pay, education
38 states had to accept the law
By deadline, only 35 did
Opponents argued ERA would destroy families & that women’s problems were not govt’s business

39. Other reforms helped reduce inequality
Higher Education Act of 1972 (“Title IX”) – outlawed discrimination against women in school
Example: many schools spent more money on men’s sports than women’s sports
Title IX made that illegal

40. Warm-Up: Complete question on the bottom of page 26
Schedule:
Warm-Up
MLK Jr. & Malcolm X Readings
Closure: Which civil rights leader’s philosophy do you agree? Why?

41. Warm-Up: Complete question on the top of page 34 on Notes Packet
Schedule:
Warm-Up
PPT  New Civil Rights: President Kennedy/Johnson & New Society
Closure: How was the civil rights movement a success? How was the civil rights unfulfilled?

42. The High Water Mark
Birmingham protests helped inspire others
A march on Washington & voter registration drive helped convince Congress to make more changes

43. The March on Washington
Birmingham convinced Americans to support laws to protect civil rights
August 28, 1963, 250,000 joined March on Washington
During march, Dr. King delivered his
“I Have a Dream” speech
He hoped his children would be judged by “their character” rather than “the color of their skin”
The march united many civil rights groups
Also convinced Kennedy to promise his support

44. New Civil Rights Laws
President Kennedy did not live long enough to keep promise
November 22, 1963, Kennedy & V.P. Lyndon Johnson went to Texas to campaign
As motorcade rode through Dallas, shots rang out
Kennedy was hit – died within an hour
Johnson was sworn in as president – promised to continue Kennedy’s policies
Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law in July
Banned segregation in public places
Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – to prevent job discrimination
Segregation officially became illegal

45. Kennedy’s Assassination
Fall 1963, Kennedy losing popularity – he supported civil rights
But most still supported Kennedy
November 22, 1963, Kennedy landed in Dallas, TX
Came to make friends w/ state’s Democratic Party
Streets of downtown Dallas full of applause
Jackie & President Kennedy sat in open-air limousine
Governor John Connally (& wife) sat in front
As limo approached Texas School Book Depository, rifle shots rang out
President Kennedy was shot in head
Taken to nearby hospital – President Kennedy was dead
Lyndon Johnson took over as President
Dallas police charged Lee Harvey Oswald w/ murder
Palm print found on rifle used to kill Kennedy
Oswald was 24, ex-marine, had lived in Soviet Union, supported Castro
November 24, while Oswald being transferred to another prison, Jack Ruby shot & killed Oswald on TV

46. Unanswered Questions
Some people wondered if Oswald involved in conspiracy
1963, Warren Commission investigated Kennedy’s murder
Concluded Oswald shot Kennedy on his own
Another investigation in 1979 found Oswald had taken part in conspiracy
Investigators believed 2 people fired on President
Various theories have come about:
Anti-Castro Cubans
Communist-sponsored attack
Conspiracy by CIA
American mafia
V.P. Lyndon Johnson

47. Fighting For Voting Rights
South had used literacy tests, poll taxes, & violence to stop blacks from voting
Civil Rights Act said states cannot use different voting standards for blacks & whites
Same year, states ratified 24th Amendment
Outlawed poll taxes
Still, many blacks had hard time voting

48. August 6, 1965, Johnson signed Voting Rights Act
1964, SNCC organized voter registration drive for Southern blacks – Freedom Summer
Volunteers were harassed & some even killed
But they registered many African American voters
President Johnson told Alabama Governor George Wallace he wanted no more violence
President sent troops to protect protestors
August 6, 1965, Johnson signed Voting Rights Act
Banned literacy tests & other laws preventing people from voting

49. Johnson & Great Society
Johnson’s presidency called Great Society
Helped poor, elderly, women, & the disenfranchised (people not allowed to vote)
Also passed laws to promote education, end discrimination, protect environment
Many of these programs still exist today – Medicare (health insurance for elderly) & Medicaid (medical care for poor)
Congress also passed Elementary & Secondary School Act – federal funds for education
Congress also strengthened Clean Air Act & Clean Water Act
Passed laws to protect endangered species & preserve forest

50. Division in the Civil Rights Movement
Late 1960s, civil rights leader disagreed about movement
SCLC wanted more nonviolent protest
But other groups wanted to be more aggressive
1966, SNCC kicked out white members
They began to call for “black power”
Wanted blacks to make own organizations to fight racism
Nation of Islam – branch of Islam begun in U.S. – also told blacks to separate from whites
NOI led by Elijah Muhammad
But most popular member was Malcolm X

51. By mid-1960s, however, Malcolm X rejected NOI (but he remained Muslim)
In Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Malcolm X saw all Muslims living in peace
He learned that what Nation of Islam taught was not real Islam
He came back to U.S. & wanted all races to be equal
1965, members of Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X
In North, no laws took away blacks’ civil rights
But they were still discriminated against
African Americans in cities grew frustrated  riots
April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated in Memphis, TN
African American communities erupted in violence (40 died)

52. Warm-Up: Find prescribed groups
Schedule:
Warm-Up
Civil Rights Review Packet & Questions
Closure: How did the civil rights movement progress throughout the 20th century?

53. Warm-Up: Log onto a computer follow the directions below.
Schedule:
Moodle.wilsonsd.org
User/password  guest
Social Studies  US History II –Peshler
1st Tab  Civil Rights (JFK Assassination)
Open up link
Closure: Who killed President JFK?

54. Warm-Up: Grab Scantron
Schedule:
Warm-Up
Civil Rights Test
Closure: How did the civil rights movement progress throughout the 20th century?