1. DOMAIN MODEL SPECIAL ASSOCIATIONS – COMPOSITION AND INHERITANCE SYS466

2. To begin our discussion, lets look at an Order

3. Order and OrderLine ORDER contains many OrderLine objects. OrderLine objects have no life outside of order. OrderLine objects have no meaning outside of order. If you delete Order, all OrderLine objects will be gone. Order encapsulates OrderLine.

4. Order and OrderLine What does Order encapsulates OrderLine mean? Order takes responsibility for creation of OrderLine objects Order controls all communication to OrderLine objects No other class knows that OrderLine exists But OrderLine knows about other classes (e.g. Product) OrderLine might not even appear in higher level models; only Order.

5. public class Order { private intorderID; private Customer customer; private List productOrderedSet; public Order(int newOrdID){ orderID = newOrdID; customer = new Customer(); productOrderedSet = new ArrayList (); } public Order(){ orderID = 0; customer = new Customer(); productOrderedSet = new ArrayList (); } public void addOrderLine(int inQty, Product inProd) { OrderLine newOrderLine = new OrderLine(inQty,inProd); productOrderedSet.add(newOrderLine); } public String getOrderedProduct(int orderLineInd) { return productOrderedSet.get(orderLineInd).getProductName(); } public int getOrderedQty(int orderLineInd) { return productOrderedSet.get(orderLineInd).getQty(); } public void addCustomer(Customer setCustomerTo) { this.customer=setCustomerTo; } public String getCustName() { return customer.getCustName(); } public int getOrderID() { return orderID; } The Order class (simplified version)

6. public class Order { private intorderID; private Customer customer; private List productOrderedSet; ………………………………………………………….. public void addOrderLine(int inQty, Product inProd) { OrderLine newOrderLine = new OrderLine(inQty,inProd); productOrderedSet.add(newOrderLine); } public String getOrderedProduct(int orderLineInd) { return productOrderedSet.get(orderLineInd).getProductName(); } public int getOrderedQty(int orderLineInd) { return productOrderedSet.get(orderLineInd).getQty(); } ……………………………………………………………… } Order is responsible for creating OrderLine objects and for getting OrderLine information

7. public class OrderLine { private int qtyOrdered; private Product product; public OrderLine(int qty,Product prod){ qtyOrdered = qty; this. product = prod; } public OrderLine(){ qtyOrdered = 0; product = new Product(); } public int getQty(){ return qtyOrdered; } public String getProductName(){ return product.getProductName(); } OrderLine knows about Product and can execute Product functions (e.g. product.GetProductName)

8. public class Product { private int productID; private String productName; public Product(int setToID,String setToName){ productID = setToID; productName = setToName; } public Product(){ } public String getProductName(){ return productName; } public int getProductID(){ return productID; } public void setProductName(String setToName){ productName = setToName; } public void setProductID(int setToID){ productID = setToID; } Product does not know anything about OrderLine; it does not know that OrderLine exists.

9. Composition This strong relationship between Order and OrderLine is called a COMPOSITION and is shown using the filled in diamond symbol. Order is the container. OrderLine is the component or contained class.

10. The Composition Symbol In order to specify composition we need to do two things: First we use the aggregation symbol in Rose to create a relationship between Container (Order) and Component (OrderLine). We draw from Order to OrderLine.

11. The Composition Symbol Then we select the aggregate relationship that we just drew and make it a composition by selecting containment of OrderLine and choosing by value.

12. A Note About Aggregation The aggregation symbol on its own is used to denote a weaker relationshipweaker than composition but stronger than association. It has limited use in modeling and has no definite meaning when translated to code.

13. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Inheritance Inheritance is a relationships between a base class and its derived classes There are two ways to find inheritance: Generalization Specialization Common attributes, operations, and/or relationships are shown at the highest applicable level in the hierarchy

14. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Inheritance Generalization The capability to create base classes that encapsulate structure and behaviour common to several classes.

15. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Inheritance Specialization The ability to create derived classes that represent refinements to the base classtypically structure and behaviour are added to the new derived class.

16. Base Classes and Derived Classes Derived classes must know who their base class is, and they depend on their base class. Base classes should know nothing about their derived classes.

17. Lets look at a Bill Payment Example

18. Inheritance in the Bill Payment Example A better way to handle the account types might be with inheritance. First, lets look at all the different types of accounts we might have:

19. Types of Accounts NoInterestChequing InterestChequing AnnualBonusSavings HighYieldSavings WithdrawAnyTimeSavings TaxFreeSavings BusinessAccount and so on…

20. What do these accounts look like? Each of the accounts shares at least some of the same attributes and operations. The operations may act differently (e.g. interest calculations will be different) but will have the same name.

21. Inheritance To use inheritance we create a base class which is a generalization of all account classes

22. Inheritance If the base class has no objects (is never instantiated) then we call it abstract and show it as follows: That means there will be no such thing as an account:Account objectonly specific account objects will be instantiated e.g. taxFreeSavings:TaxFreeSavings.

23. To Show Inheritance: This is the generalization symbol When you see the generalization symbol you know that all derived classes will carry the defined attributes and operations, so there is no need to show them.

24. Inheritance A child class is a special type of the more general parent class E.g. A video is a type of library item A part-time student is a type of student A reserve item screen is a type of library screen

25. Inheritance Each of the DERIVED or CHILD classes is inherited from the BASE or PARENT class. Each derived class is a specialization of the base class. The base class is a generalization of all of the derived classes

26. Inheritance Each class that is derived from the base class must implement the attributes and operations of the base class but can have its own version of each for example most of the calculateInterest operations will be different, but they will all be called calculateInterest. Any program that uses any derived account object will be able to use the calculateInterest operation on any objects derived from account. The derived classes might have their own ADDITIONAL operations and attributes.

27. Inheritance in the Bill Payment example We could show the parent class in our diagram but we would have to be sure that the relationships were true of every child class e.g. could we pay bills from our savings accounts? Otherwise we would show child classes.

28. Monopoly Example public abstract class Square { public String sqName; public Boolean loseTurn; public MSquare() { } public abstract void landOn(Player p, boolean passGo); public String getName() { return sqName; }

29. Monopoly Example from Larman public class RegularSquare extends Square { public RegularSquare() { sqName = "Regular"; loseTurn = false; // for later } public void landOn(Player p, boolean passGo) { //if pass go collect $200 else do nothing if (passGo) {p.setNetWorth(p.getNetWorth() + 200.00); } }

30. Monopoly Example public class IncomeTaxSquare extends Square { public IncomeTaxSquare() { sqName = "IncomeTax"; loseTurn = false; // for later } public void landOn(Player p, boolean passGo) { double amount; double deduct; double defaultAmt = 100.00; amount = p.getNetWorth(); deduct = min(defaultAmt, amount *.1); p.setNetWorth(amount - deduct); //deduct the lesser of 100 and 10% of net worth if (passGo) {p.setNetWorth(p.getNetWorth() + 200.00);} //collect $200 if go was passed //don't reset position }

31. Monopoly Example public class GoToJailSquare extends Square { public GoToJailSquare() { sqName = "GoToJail"; loseTurn = true; // for later } public void landOn(Player p, boolean passGo) { p.setNetWorth(p.getNetWorth() - 200.00); //fine of $200 p.setPosition(0); //go back to the start //do nothing if PassGo is true; do not collect $200 }

32. Monopoly Example In the java code you see that each child class only has to contain code for the operation that is not specified or is different from that specified in the parent. Child classes would also have to include code for any additional attributes and operations they carry.

33. Why Use Inheritance? Less duplication More reusability More standardization ****** Less change impact Classes are more focused Easy to add a child …and so on…