1. Mediastinum: Sternal angle angle Lower border of T4
-It is the partition between the two pleural cavities and lungs. It includes a large number of structures
-It is subdivided into:
-Superior mediastinum
-Inferior mediustinum : anterior, middle and posterior
Superior mediastinum:
Esophagus
Trachea
Arch of Aorta
Big branches of Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic ( innominate) veins
Upper half os superior vena cava
Phrenic nerves
Vagi nerves
Middle mediastinum:
Pericardium
Heart
Pulmonary trunk
Ascending Aorta
Lower half of SVC
Upper part of IVC
Bifurcation of trachea
Posterior mediastinum:
Descending thoracic Aorta
Azygos and hemiazygos veins
vagi ِ
Sternal angle
angle
Lower border
of T4

2. Pleura: -Completely close sac invaginated by the
lung from the medial side
-Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
Subdivision of parietal pleura
1- cervical
2- Costovertebral
3- mediastinal
4- diaphragmatic

3. Lines of pleural reflections:
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12
Blood supply = thoracic wall
Nerve supply = lungs

4. Lungs: Apex, base, costal surface, medial surface
3 borders; anterior, inferior and posterior

5. Mediastinal surface
Hilum containing
the root of the lung
Vertebral surface
Hilum of the lung: It is the part of the mediastinal surface which gives passage to the structures
forming the root of the lung
Root of the lung: 1- Bronchus (Rt, Lt) Pulmonary artery (superior)
3- Pulmonary veins (sup., inf.) Pulmonary nerve plexus
4- Lymph nodes Bronchial vessels (Aorta, Azygos)

6. Lobes and fissures of lungs:
Left lung: Oblique fissure
21/2 inches below apex opposite 3rd
Th.V. till inferior border opposite 6th
Costochondral junction
2 lobes: superior and inferior
Lobes and fissures of lungs:
Right lung: Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure: from ant. border
opposite 4th costal cartilage till oblique
3 lobes: sup., middle and inf.
Differences between Rt, Lt lungs:
1- size and weight
2- length and breadth
3- anterior border
4- hilum
How to identify the right and left lungs?

7. Surface anatomy of the lungs: 0, 2, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10 Applied Anatomy:
-Bare area of pericardium
-Pericardial puncture
-Stab wound in the midaxillary line
.below 10th rib
. between 8-10
. above 8th rib
-Pneumothorax
-Hydrothorax