1. Language Work #7: ODDS & ENDS

2. Eclipsis and Lenition
Irish has “initial mutations” that change the beginnings of words
These mutations came from spoken Irish
Eclipsis substitutes a voiced consonant (such as d) for an unvoiced consonant (such as t)
Lenition softens an initial consonant with an h, turning a hard consonant (such as c, “k”) into a soft one (such as ch, “kh”)

3. ECLIPSIS After plural possessive pronouns
With plural genitive nouns after the article
After numbers a sé, a seacht, a hocht, a naoi
After the preposition i … tá sé i dteach
After “that is”(go) or “that isn’t” (nach)
After questions … cá bhfuil me?
After conditional past… dá mbeidh tú ag dul
After “to” (go), …ag dul go bPortland

4. How to Eclipse: Voice It!
NOTE: l, m, n, r, and s do not eclipse
b >> mb (bord=mbord, bothar=mbothar)
c >> gc (capall=gcapall, crann=gcrann)
d >> nd (doras=ndoras, duine=nduine)
f >> bhf (fios=bhfios, fear=bhfear)
g >> ng (geata=ngeata, garda=ngarda)
p >> bp (peann=bpeann, pota=bpota)
t >> dt (talamh=dtalamh, tine=dtine)

5. Practicing Eclipsis Tá mé i gcarr ag dul go bPortland.
Bhí sé i dteach agus a sé bpeann aige.
Deir sé go bhfuil mé mall.
Deir sí nach bhfuil mé anseo.
Deir siad go bhfuil tú ag caint leis.
Cá gcuirfidh tú an leabhar?
Beidh mé i mo chónaí i nDún na nGall.
Dá mbeidh sibh ansin, beidh áthas orm!

6. LENITION On fem. sing. nouns after the article (an bhó)
On adj. after a fem. sing. noun (an bhó bhán)
On masc. genitive nouns after the article
On adjectives after a masc. sing. genitive noun
After mo, do, and a (masculine) possessives
After the vocative particle (”a Cháit!”)
In the second part of a compound word
After má (“if”): má bhíonn tú mall, ní bheidh áthas orm.

7. Possessives – er, Relationships
Singular (mostly lenites) mo mhadra – my dog do mhadra – your dog a mhadra – his dog a madra (doesn’t lenite) – her dog
Plural (eclipses) ár gcat - our cat bhur gcat - y’all’s cat a gcat – their cat

8. Practicing Possessives
Tá mo chara sa phub. (my = lenition)
An bhfuil do chara sa phub? (your = lenition)
Níl a chara sa phub. (his = lenition)
Bhí a cara sa phub. (her ≠lenition)
Tá ár gcara sa phub. (our = eclipsis)
Beidh bhur gcara sa phub. (y’all’s = eclipsis)
Ní raibh a gcara sa phub. (their = eclipsis)

9. But What About Vowels? Singular m’oifig d’oifig a oifig a hoifig
Plural: always use an n- ár n-oifig bhur n-oifig a n-oifig

10. Practicing Possessives with Vowels
Tá m’oifig anseo.
An bhfuil d’oifig anseo?
Níl a oifig anseo.
Bhí a hoifig anseo.
Tá ár n-oifig anseo.
Beidh bhur n-oifig anseo.
Ní raibh a n-oifig anseo.
(note the difference with his/her)

11. Numbers Lenite and Eclipse!
peann amháin dhá pheann trí pheann ceithre pheann cúig pheann sé bpeann seacht bpeann ocht bpeann naoi bpeann deich bpeann

12. Weird Stuff with An (the)
1. Feminine nouns lenite with “the”: - bean >> an bhean or bó >> an bhó
2. Masculine nouns starting with a vowel use t- with “the”: - uisce >> an t-uisce or úll >> an t-úll
3. Feminine nouns starting with s use t with “the”: - sráid >> an tsráid or súil >> an tsúil

13. What it Means to go TO
Preposition “to” = do: dom dúinn to me to us duit daoibh to you to y’all dó/di dóibh to him/her to them
“Trí bheoir dom, le do thoil!”
The preposition go for a place (it eclipses): Tá mé ag dul go nGleann Cholm Cille.
The preposition go dtí for a place with “the”: Tá mé ag dul go dtí an trá. (“to the beach”)

14. Assignment:
Translate these sentences into English: 1. Ar thóg tú bhur gcarr? 2. Tá dhá pheann agam inniu. 3. Deir siad go bhfuil sé in Éireann. 4. Cá mbeidh do chairde anocht? 5. Níl áthas ar mo mháthair; chaill sí a mála! 6. Ní maith linn í, ach is maith linn a cara. 7. D’fhág sí an leabhar inár (“in our”) dteach. 8. Fan anseo agus cuir do mhála síos.