1. Science Case at ELI-Beamlines
UPOL 22/2/12
Projekt:
Výzkum a vývoj femtosekundových laserových systému a pokročilých optických technologií (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/ )
Science Case at ELI-Beamlines
Daniele Margarone
ELI-Beamlines Project
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science
PALS Centre
Prague, Czech Republic

2. Science Case at ELI-Beamlines
Research Program 1
Laser generating rep-rate ultrashort pulses & multi-PW peak powers
Research Program 2
X-ray sources driven by rep-rate ultrashort laser pulses
Research Program 3
Particle Acceleration by lasers
Research Program 4
Applications in molecular, biomedical and material sciences
Research Program 5
Laser plasma and high-energy-density physics
Research Program 6
High-field physics and theory

3. ELI-Beamlines Scientific Team
RA1
Lasers
B. Rus
RA2-RA6
G. Korn
RA2
X-ray sources driven by ultrashort laser pulses
S. Sebban
RA3
Particle acceleration by lasers
D. Margarone
RA4
Applications in molecular, biomedical, and material sciences
L. Juha
RA5
Plasma and high energy density physics
J. Limpouch
RA6
Exotic physics and theory
K. Rohlena

4. Science Case at ELI-Beamlines
Protons, Ions, Electrons, X-rays and g-rays
Unique features
relativistic ultrashort and synchronized high-intensity particles, lasers and X-ray beams
high repetition rate
unprecedented energy range
high brightness
excellent shot-to-shot reproducibility (laser-diode and thin-disk technology)
Potential applications, business and technology transfer
accelerator science (new and compact approaches, e.g. Compact FEL)
time-resolved pump-probe experiments (fusion plasmas, warm dense matter, laboratory astrophysics, etc.)
medicine (hadrontherapy and tomography of tumors)
bio-chemistry (fast transient dynamics)
security (non-destructive material inspection)

5. Target Areas
Potential future 3D diffractive X-ray imaging of complex molecules
Potential future laser driven FEL/XFEL
Potential future laser driven hadron-therapy

6. Proton/Ion Acceleration Electron Acc. & LUX/FEL/XFEL
RPA scheme
TNSA scheme
ion diagnostics
nano/micro structured
submicro-droplets
H-enriched
clusters/mass-limited
double-layer
RPA (laser-target optimization)
- max. energy increase (H+/Cn+)
- pencil ion beam
- variable ion energy
TNSA (ion beam handling)
- ion beam transport
- electromagnetic selection
- magnetic lens focusing
radiobiological dosimetry
- dose absorption optimization
- real-time monitoring
- adapted treatment planning
- biological cell irradiation
laser-driven electron acceleration
- self guiding (gas target)
- external guiding (gas target)
- solid targets
LUX, FEL & XFEL
neutrons: DD, DT, (p, n) and (g, n)
- single-target scheme
- catcher-target scheme
g-rays from accelerated e- beams
e-e+ pairs from:
- accelerated e- beams (catcher target)
- “hot electrons” in solid targets
Shielding optimization
Radiation damaging
Proton/Ion Acceleration
Advanced Targets
Hadron Therapy
Electron Acc. & LUX/FEL/XFEL
Secondary Sources
Radiation Protection
RA3
Particle
Acceleration

7. High energy density plasmas
3D proton beam probing
X-ray probing
optical interferometry
Non linear effects
- self focusing
- filamentation
- transient magnetic fields (astrophys.)
- parametric instabilities
Warm Dense Matter (WDM)
Stopping power of protons/ions in:
- plasmas
- WDM
probing of ultraintense electric fields in wakefield
laser channeling in low density plasmas
advanced targets
Plasma Probing
High energy density plasmas
Underdense plasmas
Fusion Schemes
RA5
Plasma & High
En. Dens. Phys.

8. Laser-driven x-rays: several approaches
K-alpha emission
Harmonics (solid)
Harmonics (gas)
Probe laser
Solid
target
Pump Laser
K-alpha
Prepulse
Plasma based x-ray lasers
X-rays from relativistic e-beams

9. Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence
K-alpha emission : easy and ultrafast x-ray source
- Monochromatic
- Fully divergent
- Duration 100 fs
- KHz rep. rate
- Flux : 1e9 ph/shot
Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence

10. Harmonics from solid target plasma

11. . Betatron radiation β Rc Radiated energy Velocity Acceleration
X-rays from relativistic e-beams Rc β .
Electron
X-rays from relativistic e-beams
We need relativistic electrons
undergoing oscillations

12. From projection images to (almost) 3d structures
3 D diffractive imaging using synchronized ELI x-ray pulses
Timing synchronization of 30 fs should allow to go for µm samples diffraction
Explosion happens over many ps (Hajdu et al.)

13. Single- particle diffraction imaging of biological particles without crystallization
Kirz,Nature Physics 2, (2006)

14. Bright fs sources for applications
Ablation
Phase transitions
Bio structures, damage
Magnetism
Atomic physics
X-ray microscopy
Plasma diagnostics
Warm dense matter

15. Laser-driven Electron Acceleration
C. Joshi, Scientific America, 2006

19. Envisioned electron beams at ELI-Bamlines
50 J beamlines (10 Hz)
Bubble regime (high divergence beam)
Laser parameters: EL=50J, tL=25fs, f=23mm, a0=35
Plasma parameters: nP=1.8x1019cm-3
Electron beam parameters: Eel= 1.5 GeV, qel= 6.2 nC
Blow-out regime/self-injection (pencil beam)
Laser parameters: EL=50J, tL=72fs, f=33mm, a0=5
Plasma parameters: nP=5.3x1017cm-3, Lacc=5.6cm
Electron beam parameters: Eel= 4.4 GeV, qel= 1.2 nC
Blow-out regime/external-injection (pencil beam)
Laser parameters: EL=50J, tL=134fs, f=60mm, a0=2
Plasma parameters: nP=6.3x1016cm-3, Lacc=8.8cm
Electron beam parameters: Eel= 14.9 GeV, qel= 0.85 nC (?)
1.3 kJ beamlines (0.016 Hz)
Blow-out regime/self-injection (ELI end-stage)
Laser parameters: EL=1.3kJ, tL=215fs, f=97mm, a0=5
Plasma parameters: nP=6.1x1016cm-3, Lacc=1.5m
Electron beam parameters: Eel= 39 GeV, qel= 3.4 nC
Blow-out regime/external-injection
Laser parameters: EL=1.3kJ, tL=395fs, f=178mm, a0=2
Plasma parameters: nP=7.1x1015cm-3, Lacc=22.9m !!! NO
Electron beam parameters: Eel= 131 GeV, qel= 2.5 nC (?)
Blow-out regime
Laser parameters
Plasma parameters
Electron beam parameters
Scaling laws:
S. Gordienko and A. Pukhov, Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005)
W. Lu et al., Phys. Rev.Spec.Top.-Accelerators and Beams 10 (2007)
OSIRIS simulations:
L. O. Silva, ELI Scientific Challenges, April

20. Laser-driven Ion Acceleration
Ep ~ I1/2
TNSA
Photons
Non relativistic protons C
Vp ~0
Photons
Vp ~C
Ep ~ I
RPA (at very high intensitíes, light pressure accelerates)
Relativistic protons C

21. Ponderomotive Acceleration
TNSA
TNSA
(Target Normal Sheath Acceleration)
high laser contrast (main/pedestal)
short laser pulse (10s fs – few ps)
still occurring when the pre-plasma is “localized” at the target front-side
higher energy gain in metals (returning electron current for the recirculations of “hot electrons”).
Ponderomotive Acceleration
(Sweeping potential at the laser pulse front)
low laser contrast (dense pre-plasma)
long laser pulse (10s ps – ns)
long pre-plasma length (100s mm – mm)
high laser absorption in the pre-plasma
almost no laser interaction with the solid target
Y. Sentoku et al., Phys. Plasm. 10 (2003) 2009

22. RPA (Radiation Pressure Acceleration)
Courtesy of S. Bulanov

23. Towards Quark-Gluon Plasma
Courtesy of S. Bulanov

24. Records in laser-driven particle acceleration
Protons
Electrons
R.A. Snavely et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 2945
S.A. Gaillard et al., “65+ MeV protons from short-pulse-laser micro-cone-target interactions”, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. G06.3 (2009) (only 10% energy increment )
W.P. Leemans et al., Nature Phys. 2 (2006) 696
A technological progress is needed: towards higher laser intensities!!!

25. Beyond the energy frontier...
K. Zeil et al., New Journal of Physics 12 (2010)
J. Fuchs et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009) 176 and references therein
ELI intensity regime

26. Envisioned proton beams
2 PW beamlines (10 Hz)
50 J, 25 fs, 1021 W/cm2, RPA, Epeak = 200 MeV, h = 65%, Np 1012, div.: 4°, quasi-monoenergetic
References:
Matt Zepf, ELI-Beamlines Sci. Chall. Workshop, April 26th, 2010
10 PW beamlines (0.016 Hz)
1.3 kJ, 130 fs, 1023 W/cm2, ECut-off = 2 GeV, h = 50%, Np 2x1012, div. 10°
2x1.3 kJ, 130 fs, 20 PW, 2x1023 W/cm2, ECut-off = GeV
5x1.3 kJ, 130 fs, 50 PW, 5x1023 W/cm2, ECut-off = 4 GeV (ELI end-stage)
B. Qiao et al, PRL 102 (2009)145002
J. Davis and G.M. Petrov Physics of Plasmas 16, (2009)
ELI White-book, OSIRIS simulations (by Luis Cardoso)
B. Qiao et al, PRL 102, (2009)
6x1022W/cm2
2x1022W/cm2
2x1021W/cm2

27. Basic experiment at E6a (high rep. rate)
TNSA/RPA: PL = 2 PW (10 Hz), IL 1022 W/cm2 , Emax = 200 MeV, Np 1012
Legend
OAP: off-axis-parabola; T: primary target; T1/T2: secondary target (proton radiography); RCF: radiochromic film; FM: flat mirror; EMQ: electromagnetic quadrupole optics (1.5 Tesla), TP spectrometer (B=1.5 T, E=10-50 kV); D: detector (film/semiconductor); V: gate valve, LS: local shielding (g-rays/neutrons)

28. Challenges & advanced source use
Proton/ion acceleration
Improving the beam quality in terms of divergence and monochromaticity
Increasing the beam stability (energy distribution, particle numbers, emittance)
Optimizing the laser to ion conversion efficiency
Use of ultrathin targets (very high contrast and circular polarization are needed)
Beam handling & selection (either through target engineering or conventional solutions, e.g. micro-lenses or magnetic quadrupoles)
Electron acceleration
External injection: development of effective electron beam loading techniques
Use of an all-optical injection scheme (colliding pulses)
Use of a tailored longitudinal plasma density profile
Development of a multiple stage acceleration setup including laser and electron beam optics (synchronization of the laser and electron beams in several tens of meters is necessary!)
Diagnostic requirements and development
Strong energy increase of the particles produced at extreme laser intensities (particles whose energies will range from MeV to tens of GeV)
Huge particle number per shot per second (prompt current)
Energy and beam spreading of produced particles (no unique detector can be used)
Huge EMP

29. Laser-driven hadron-therapy (ELI-MED)

30. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

31. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

32. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

33. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

34. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

35. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

36. Courtesy of J. Wilkens

37. One of the big Challenges in Physics would be to built
a laser powerful enough to
breakdown vacuum.
Survey by “Science” 2005

38. EQ=mpc2 Ultra-relativistic intensity is
defined with respect to the proton
EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

39. Inverse Compton Scattering
The Doppler energy upshift allows one to reach high photon energies, e.g. 100 MeV g-rays with a 10-GeV electron beam.

40. ELI White Book
530 pages of Science, technology and implementation strategies of ELI

45. It’s time to wake up!!!
Thank you for your attention and invitation!