1. A Flawed Peace
Chapter 13.4

2. The Allies Meet and Debate

3. Key Leaders Come Together
This group of leaders was known as the Big Four dominated the peace talks in Paris at Versailles.
January 18, 1919
32 total countries in attendance
Big Four dominate.
Germany and Russia not invited

4. United States
President Woodrow Wilson

5. France
Georges Clemenceau

6. Great Britain
Prime Minister, David Lloyd George

7. Italy
Vittorio Orlando

8. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
Wilson did not want to heavily punish Germany, the allied did.
Wilson proposes Fourteen Points—an outline for lasting world peace.
Calls for free trade and an end to alliances and military buildups
Promotes self-determination—right of people to govern their own nation
Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes (League of Nations)

9. Fourteen Points End of secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free trade
Arms reductions
Adjustment of colonial claims
Settlement of questions regarding Russian territory
Restoration of Belgium
Restoration of France’s territories including Alsace-Lorraine
Readjustment of Italy’s borders
Peoples of Austria-Hungary given self-determination
Serbia given access to the sea and can join with other Balkan states (Yugoslavia created).
Turkish portion of Ottoman empire sovereign, but other portions given self-determination. Dardanelles open to as shipping passage to all nations.
Independent Poland
League of Nations

10. The League of Nations
The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the agreement because it feared it would lead the U.S. into future conflict.
As a result the League of Nations was weak and did not prevent WWII.
As a result, the U.S. also did not sign the Treaty of Versailles.

11. The Versailles Treaty
Britain and France oppose Wilson’s ideas and want to punish Germany
Keep Germany isolated and from building another military
Allies and Germany sign an accord—the Treaty of Versailles—in June 1919.

12. Treaty Major Provisions
League of Nations
Territorial Losses
Military Restrictions
War Guilt
International Peace Organization with 32 nations
Germany and Russia excluded
Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France, French border extended to Rhine River
Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and Pacific
Limits set on the size of the German army and navy
Germany prohibited from importing or making weapons or war materials
Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force
Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders
Germany forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations over 30 years

13. A Troubled Treaty

14. The Creation of New Nations
The Versailles Treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europe
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose lands
Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into mandates
New countries in southeastern Europe
Russia gives up land.

15. Europe Pre-World War I

16. New European Countries Post World War I
Finland-land lost by Russia
Estonia-land lost by Russia
Latvia-land lost by Russia
Lithuania-land lost by Russia
Poland-restored from land lost by Germany and Russia
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Hungary
Romania-gained land
Yugoslavia

17. Mandates in Africa and Middle East
French Mandate of Syria
French Mandate of Lebanon
British Mandate of Palestine
British Mandate of Transjordan
British Mandate of Iraq
British Togoland
French Togoland
British Cameroon
French Cameroon
Ruanda-Urundi
Tanganyika
South-West Africa

18. “A Peace Build on Quicksand”
Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides
German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war
America never ratifies Treaty of Versailles
Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe
Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence
Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want

19. Impact of the Treaty of Versailles
It led to a spirit of revenge for Germany.
Japan and others were angered at not receiving consideration.
War would not be prevented and would in fact lead to WWII.