1. Abbreviations: COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; Gpx3, glutathione peroxidase 3; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IKK, I kappa B kinase; IκBα, inhibitor of kappa B; IL-1, interleukin 1; IL-6, interluekin-6; IL-11, interleukin-11; KEAP1, Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1; ALA, alpha-lipoic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; PTH, parathyroid hormone; 1,25(OH)₂D₃, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Sod2, superoxide dismutase 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors-6; TRAF2, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors-2; Trxr1, thioredoxin reductase 1.
From: Emerging role of alpha-lipoic acid in the prevention and treatment of bone loss
Nutr Rev. 2015;73(2): doi: /nutrit/nuu005
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2. Abbreviations: GSSG, glutathione disulfide; IL-1, interleukin-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
From: Emerging role of alpha-lipoic acid in the prevention and treatment of bone loss
Nutr Rev. 2015;73(2): doi: /nutrit/nuu005
Nutr Rev | © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please

3. Figure 2 Chemical structures of the oxidized and reduced forms of alpha-lipoic acid.
From: Emerging role of alpha-lipoic acid in the prevention and treatment of bone loss
Nutr Rev. 2015;73(2): doi: /nutrit/nuu005
Nutr Rev | © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please