1. Thoracic epidural analgesia via the lumbosacral approach using multiport catheters with a low concentration of bupivacaine and morphine in sheep 
Rafael DeRossi, Ronaldo Pagliosa, Tiago C Módolo, Felipe B Maciel, Gustavo G Macedo 
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 
Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages (May 2012)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2012 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Measurement of skin temperature at three marked points innervated by thoracocervical, thoracic, or upper flank nerves in sheep.
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2012 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Response to a standard noxious stimulus in the last cervical, thoracic, and upper lumbar area of six sheep after thoracic epidural administration of 0.25% bupivacaine (BP; 0.5 mg kg−1), morphine (MP; 0.1 mg kg−1), or BP plus MP (0.25 mg kg−1 BP mg kg−1 MP). Analgesic score indicates: 1, strong reaction to painful stimulus with vocalization, tail swishing, and/or struggle; 2, mild analgesia, depressed reaction to a painful stimulus, but restless and turning toward site of pinprick; 3, moderate analgesia, no response to a painful stimulus, but restless; and 4, complete absence of response to a painful stimulus. Each point represents the median ± 95% confidence interval for six animals. The values for BP (a) and BPMP (b) differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the respective basal values.
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2012 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Degree of motor block in 6 sheep after thoracic epidural administration of 0.25% bupivacaine (BP; 0.5 mg kg−1), morphine (MP; 0.1 mg kg−1), or BP plus MP (0.25 mg kg−1 BP mg kg−1 MP). The score indicates: 1, normal motor response (stand using the thoracic and pelvic limbs); 2, moderate motor blockade (paresis, animal with partial loss of movement of the forelimbs and hind limbs, and in lateral recumbency); and 3, complete motor blockade (paralysis of the forelimbs and partial loss of movement of the hind limbs, and in lateral recumbency). Each point represents the median ± 95% confidence interval for six animals. The values for BP (a) and BPMP (b) differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the respective basal values.
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2012 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia Terms and Conditions