1. Cell Parts and Cell Diversity
Essential Standard
Bio..1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.

2. Cell Diversity Human body contains over 200 different types of cells
Most of them have the same DNA even though they look and act very different

3. Cell Diversity
Shape – cells shape reflects diversity of different functions
Examples
Skin cells – flat and layered – for protection
Nerve cells – extensions – for communication
Blood cells – round – for transport

4. Cell Diversity
Size – cells are limited in size by ratio between surface area and volume
Cells grow larger, more nutrient demand

5. Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells – “before nucleus” Ex. Bacteria
Unicellular
Contains cell membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA (plasmids).
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Ex. Bacteria

6. Cell Types Eukaryotic Cells – “good nucleus”
Unicellular or Multicellular
Contains cell membrane and membrane bound organelles
Has nucleus – contains DNA
Ex. Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi

7. Cell Parts
Organelles – cell parts that performs vital functions for the cell
Some are membrane-bound
All Cells have
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA

8. Cell Membrane
Semipermeable membrane that only certain molecules or ions pass through (so it is selectively permeable)
Found around all cells
Made of phospholipids

9. Cell Membrane Composed of phospholipid bilayer Fluid Mosaic Model
Polar phosphate head (hydrophilic)
2 nonpolar, fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane Proteins
Peripheral Proteins
Integral Proteins
Carbohydrates
Steroids

10. Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Cytoplasm – watery substance within the cell that keeps organelles in place
Cytosol - gelatin-like fluid within the cell but outside of the organelles

11. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy)
Has double membrane
More cristae (inner membrane folds) = more ATP production
Has DNA
Found in all eukaryotes

12. Ribosomes Site of protein production Has no membranes
Found in all cells
Made of ribosomal RNA

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The ER is found in eukaryotes
Rough ER – studded with ribosomes; prepares proteins for export
Smooth ER – makes vesicles, synthesizes steroids, regulates calcium levels, and breaks down toxins

14. Golgi Apparatus Processes and packages substances produced by cell
Proteins arrive and leave in vesicles
Has a membrane
Found in eukaryotes

15. Lysosome Digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances
Contains digestive enzymes
Has membrane
Found in animals

16. Cytoskeleton
Network of long protein strands in cytosol; support movement and division
Made up of microfilaments and microtubules (proteins)
Has no membrane
Found in all cells

17. Nucleus Stores DNA, manufactures ribosomes and RNA
Nucleolus – where RNA is synthesized
Has nuclear envelope = double membrane
Found in eukaryotes

18. Cell Wall Supports the structure of and protects the cell
Made of carbohydrates
Found in plants, bacteria, some protists, and fungi
Plants – cellulose
Bacteria – peptidoglycan
fungi - chitin

19. Vacuoles Central Vacuole – in plant cells; stores water
Food Vacuole – in animal cells; stores food and waste
Contractile Vacuole – in animal cells; maintains water balance

20. Chloroplasts Stores food or pigments to utilize for photosynthesis
Thylakoids – membranes within chloroplasts – site where chlorophyll sits
Double membrane
Found in plants and some protists

21. Cilia, Flagella, and Pseudopods
Cilia – hair-like extensions that aids in movement and feeding
Flagella – long, whip-like tail that propels cell through environment
Pseudopods – cytoplasmic extensions that aid in movement and capturing food