1. LO: SWBAT explain how protein shape is determined and differentiate between the different types of mutations.
DN: h/0 protein synthesis
HW: Read pp # 1-5

2. HW: page 306 #1-5 Types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA
Transcription: mRNA makes a copy of DNA in the nucleus
Translation: tRNA reads mRNA codons (3 bases) and brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome
Sugar: DNA= deoxribose, RNA= ribose
Bases: DNA has T and RNA has U
DNA: double stranded, RNA: single stranded
5. UGG CAG UGC
Try Glu Cys

3. All are proteins with a specific shape that determines their function.
What do enzymes, antibodies, hormones, hemoglobin and membrane proteins have in common?
All are proteins with a specific shape that determines their function.
Enzymes
Hormone
Hemoglobin
Antibodies

4. What determines a protein’s Shape?
A protein’s shape is determined by its sequence of amino acids.

5. What happens after translation of the genetic code?
Proteins do not remain as single strands of amino acids, rather the amino acids chain gets folded into a specific shape. This shape is determined by the ORDER of the amino acids in the chain.

6. Protein Shape: The DNA base sequence (order) determines
the sequence of amino acids.
2) The sequence (order) of amino acids in a
protein determine its shape.
3) The shape of a protein determines its activity.

7. Transcription & Translation:
The processes of transcription and translation, lead to the final shape of a protein. Therefore it is the genetic code: DNA base sequence that ultimately determine a protein’s sequence of amino acids.
A – T U
C – G G Tryptophan
C – G G

8. Mutations
Mutations (changes in the genetic code) that can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence and ultimately to the overall shape of the protein. Why?

9. What causes mutations errors in DNA replication?
Chemicals
UV Radiation
X-Ray radiation

10. It changes the amino acids sequence which determines protein shape
Mutated Proteins
It changes the amino acids sequence which determines protein shape

11. How does a mutated protein affect a cell?
The mutated protein may have a different shape and disrupt its normal activity.

12. Types of Mutation Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion
Original DNA Strand

13. Copy the Normal DNA Strand:
DNA CCT CAA GAT GCG
GGA GUU CUA CGC
RNA
AA Sequence
Gly – Val – Leu - Arg

14. Substitution
Substitution – One nitrogenous base is substituted for another.
DNA CCC CAA GAT GCG
RNA GGG GUU CUA CGC
Amino Gly - Val - Leu - Arg
acid
DNA CCT CAA GAT GCG

15. Deletion One nitrogenous base is deleted (removed). DNA CTC AAG ATG CG
mRNA GAG UUC UAC GC
Amino Glu - Ala - Tyr-
acid
DNA CCT CAA GAT GCG

16. Insertion (Addition)
Insertion – Extra nitrogenous bases are added to the genetic code.
DNA CCT CTA AGA TGC G
mRNA GGA GAU UCU ACG C
Amino Gly - Asp - Ser - Thr -
acid
DNA CCT CAA GAT GCG

17. Inversion Inversion – The genetic code is inverted or reversed.
DNA CCT CAA TAG GCG
mRNA GGA GUU AUC CGC
Amino Gly - Val – Iso - Arg
acid
DNA CCT CAA GAT GCG

18. Sickle Cell Anemia

19. Point mutation
A change in ONE nitrogenous base, the overall number of bases stays the same (Substitution or Inversion)

20. Frame shift mutation
A change in the number of overall nitrogenous bases in the genetic code (Addition or Deletion)

21. What type of mutation is it?