1. Memory Systems
Hippocampus

4. Hippocampus & Relational Memory
Highly processed information from association cortex areas enter hippocampus
Hippocampus integrates them—ties them together and then output is stored in other cortical areas
Allows you to retrieve all the information about an event

5. Patients & Syndromes HM-mediotemporal lobe NA--thalamus
Korsakoffs-thalamus & hypothalamus

6. Amnesia Anterograde Retrograde
Cannot form any new types of memories so always live at time of injury
Retrograde
Cannot recall stored memories for a specific time period

7. Memory Declarative: Explicit Easy to form, easy to lose
Facts & Events
Easy to form, easy to lose
Medial Temporal Lobe & Thalamus
Non-Declarative: Implicit
Takes repetition, hard to lose
Procedural
Skills & Habits
Striatum
Classical Conditioning
Skeletal Muscles
Cerebellum
Emotional Responses
Amygdala

9. Conscious Recollection
Only declarative memories & not non-declarative memories

10. Declarative Memory Essential Anatomy Medial Temporal Lobe
Entorhinal and Perirhinal, Parahippocampal Cx
Hippocampus
Fornix to Mammilary Body of Hypothalamus
Anterior & Dorsomedial Thalamus that project to cingulate cx (limbic system)

11. HM Had bilateral mediotemporal lobes removed due to epilepsy
Removed amygdala, anterior 2/3 of hippocampus, temporal cortex
Had anterograde amnesia
Studied by Brenda Milner
Could learn by procedural memory but had no recollection of having learned task

13. Squire & Mishkin
Neuroscientists create an animal model for HM symptoms
Lesioned amygdala, hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in temporal lobe of monkeys and found that they could no longer perform in recognition memory tests
Later showed that perirhinal cortex is most important for new memory; temporary storage? Memory consolidation?

15. Diencephalon & Memory Processing
Anterior thalamic nucleus
Dorsal Medial Thalamic nucleus
Mammillary bodies in hypothalamus

17. Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus
Receives input from temporal lobe structures including amygdala & inferiortemporal cortex
Projects to all frontal cortex areas

18. NA
Air Force technician injured by fencing foil –penetrated the dorsalmedial thalamus
Developed retrograde amnesia of previous 2 years and severe anterograde amnesia
Supports role of thalamus in memory

20. Lashley Lashley: 1920s studied rats in maze after cortical lesions
Found that all cortical areas are involved in memory

22. Hebb, Lashley student
suggested CELL ASSEMBLY = all cells that respond to an external stimulus & are reciprocally interconnected
Neurons that fire together, wire together
1949 Organization of Behavior
Sensory cortex also stores memory
Led to neural networks computer modeling

24. Circuit using limbic structures
Hippocampal output axons travel as a bundle, the fornix, to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
Mammillary body axons project to anterior thalamic nucleus

25. Definitions Declarative & NonDeclarative Long term & Short Term
Procedural & Working
Experience Dependent Brain Development
Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia

26. Learning & Memory Adaptations of brain circuitry to life experience
Learning = acquisition of new information or knowledge
Memory = retention of learning

27. Long Term/Short Term Memory
Long Term: last years but is selective
Short term: last seconds to hours

29. Memory based on Vision
Should be found in cortical area involved in vision processing
inferiortemporal cortex: higher order processing of visual information—stores memory of previously seen objects
Allows recognition of visual objects
Remember Kluver-Bucy pyschic blind monkeys

31. Penfield
Neurosurgeon in the 1950’s removed epileptic foci after stimulation
Found that stimulation of temporal lobe in awake patients caused halucinations or memory retrieval