1. Biological Classification

2. Group the following in any way you would like, but justify your grouping!
Frogs
Bears
Ants
Spiders
Bacteria
Humans
Dolphins
Sharks
Mushrooms
Pine Trees

3. Why do we Classify? Recognize similarities (DNA, biomolecules, cells)
Group organisms
Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms

4. Who created Taxonomy?
Aristotle was the first scientist to group organisms based on physical characteristics
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) a Swedish botanist , came up with the current system.

5. Classification Groups
The groups (largest to smallest)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
A sentence to help you remember!
Dear
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup

6. Levels of Classification: The 3 Domains (based on cell type)

7. Levels of Classification: The 5 Kingdoms
Based on…
Cell type
Number of Cells
Mode of Feeding

8. Final 7 Levels of Classification 1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest

9. Examples of Classification
Common Pond Amoeba
KINGDOM: Protista
PHYLUM: Sarcomastigophora
CLASS: Sarcodina
ORDER: Granulopodea
FAMILY: Amoebidae
GENUS: Amoeba
SPECIES: Amoeba proteus

10. Examples of Classification
Humans
KINGDOM: Animalia (animal cells, heterotroph)
PHYLUM: Chordata (all vertebrates)
CLASS: Mammalia (all mammals)
ORDER: Primata (all primates)
FAMILY: Hominidae (bipedal primates)
GENUS: Homo (humans and neanderthals)
SPECIES: Homo sapiens (humans only!)

11. Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature - the formal system of naming species. (Bi = two, nomial = names)
The last two classification groups (genus and species) are used to create a unique name for each species.
Because we use two groups for the name, similar species will have similar names.
Example: Ursus arctos (Grizzly Bear) and Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear)
In a species name, only the Genus is capitalized.
Latin is the language used to make these names. Since it is no longer spoken anymore, we do not have to worry about it changing.

12. What evidence is used to classify?
Homologous (similar) Structures
Ex: The bones in a bat’s wing are almost the same as the bones in a human hand
Similar Behaviors
Ex: All mammals nurse their young
Similarities in genes (DNA or protein sequence)
Ex: Human and Primate DNA is 99% similar

13. Evidence for Classification
Fossil Record: Past organisms studied through fossils
Ex: Trilobites and horsehoe crabs
Embryology: similar development patterns in unborn of different species
Ex: Dolphin limb buds
Hybridization: ability to successfully interbreed different species.
Ex: Zorse

14. Homologous Structures

15. Embryology

16. Hybridization