1. Organizing Life
What is It?
Why Classify?

2. I. Classification What is it?
1. Grouping of organisms based on similarities.
2. Examples of classification:
a. books in the library
b. parts in an auto shop
c. names in the phone book
B. Why classify?
1. It is easier to manage and use the information.
2. It shows relationships among living things.

3. def: The science of classifying living things.
Taxonomy
def: The science of classifying living things.

4. def: a scientist who studies classification
Taxonomist
def: a scientist who studies classification

5. Early taxonomists… Aristotle (334- - 322 B.C.) *Greek philosopher
*devised the 1st formal
classification system
for living things.
*said the earth was the
center of the solar system

6. Aristotle’s System
Plants
Herbs
Shrubs
Trees
Animals
Land
Water
Air

7. Problems with Aristotle’s System
Frog-- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is on land/
Didn’t know about bacteria or one celled organisms (no microscopes)

8. *devised the 2-part naming system that is used today for
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Early taxonomists…
Carolus Linnaeus
( )
*Swedish botanist
*devised the 2-part naming system that is used today for
living things called Binomial Nomenclature.

9. Carolus Linnaeus
Used the following criteria as his basis for classification:
based on structural similarities (Morphology)
used Latin names to name organisms.
set up the system of binomial nomenclature. (scientific names)

10. *Rules for writing scientific names*
1. The GENUS is written first and the species is written second.
Ex: Homo (Genus) sapiens (species) = Homo sapiens
2. The first letter in the first word (GENUS) is capitalized, and the
second word is written lower case.
Ex: Homo sapiens
3. The scientific name must be underlined or written in italics.
Ex: Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

11. Scientific Names… An organism has only ONE scientific name.
White-tailed deer
wolf
common dog
Odocoileus virginianus
Canus lupus
box turtle
Canus familiaris
Terrapene carolina

12. Scientists DO NOT use common names of organisms !!!
*Common names are the everyday name of an organism.
Reason #1:
The names are not very descriptive, which can be confusing in naming the organisms.

13. *Common names are the everyday name of an organism.
Reason #2:
There can be more than one common name for an organism
Sycamore tree
English sparrow
House sparrow
buttonwood

14. Tools of Classification

15. A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

16. Dichotomous Keys Aid in identifying unknown organisms
Pairs of statements with two choices of characteristics
Only one choice will apply to the unknown organism
This will lead to another pair of characteristics.. And so on…

17. Until the organism is identified

18. Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Archae-
bacteria
Cell Type (Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote)
Cell # (Unicellular vs. Multicellular)
Nutrition (Autotroph vs. Heterotroph)
Habitat
General Facts (at least 2)

19. Organisms are classified by the following criteria…
Structure is the basis. (Morphology)
Early stages of development (Embryology)
Chromosomes, gene sequence, amino acids (Biochemistry)
The way they act (Behavior)

20. 3 Domain System

21. Levels of Classification (Taxonomic Categories – Taxa)
Memory Aid:
Did
King
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Great
Spain ?
Domain
Kingdoms “Most Inclusive”
Phyla *(Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species “Least Inclusive”

22. Taxonomy for Istrian Sheepdog
*Be able to compare two organisms on a chart.

24. How many “KINGDOMS” are there in Biology?
There are SIX kingdoms
in Biology:
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia
Classification Video
***VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE LIVING!!!

25. Kingdom: Archaebacteria/Eubacteria
Type of cells:
prokaryotic
Unicellular/Multicellular:
most unicellular
Mode of Nutrition:
Heterotrophic & Autotrophic
Examples:
Bacteria
*Archaebacteria
- cell walls lack peptidoglycan muramic acid
(live in extreme regions)
*Eubacteria
- cell walls have peptidoglycan and muramic acid.

27. Kingdom: Protista Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular:
Paramecium
Type of cells:
eukaryotic
Unicellular/Multicellular:
most unicellular
Mode of Nutrition:
Heterotrophic & Autotrophic
Examples:
amoeba, euglena, paramecium
Amoeba
Euglena

28. Unicellular/Multicellular: Mostly multicellular Mode of Nutrition:
Kingdom: Fungi
Mushroom
Type of cells:
eukaryotic
Unicellular/Multicellular:
Mostly multicellular
Mode of Nutrition:
Heterotrophic
Examples:
Mushroom, yeast, molds
Yeast
Molds

29. Kingdom: Plantae Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular:
Moss
Type of cells:
eukaryotic
Unicellular/Multicellular:
Multicellular
Mode of Nutrition:
Autotrophic
Examples:
Mosses, ferns, pine tree, tomatoes
fern
tomatoes

30. Kingdom: Animalia Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular:
Mode of Nutrition:
Heterotrophic
Examples:
sponges, snails, insects,
worms, jellyfish, birds