1. Bell Ringer
What does Ming mean?
What is a Samurai?

2. Bell Ringer What year did Constantinople fall?
What is Mughal Indian for?
What year were the American Continents Discovered?

3. Bell Ringer Why was the forbidden city forbidden?
What was so special about Zheng He’s fleet?
What is isolationism?

4. Bell Ringer What is a Diamyo?
What is the ancient Chinese city of Canton now called?
What is a Tsar?

5. CH 11: Expanding Empires Outside Europe

6. 1453 Ottoman Turks will attack Constantinople.
Though Constantinople has stopped invaders before their Empire is in decline.
The Turks will use Cannons, something Constantinople was not designed for.
The Turks will win and create the largest empire in history.
Istanbul (New name)

7. The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, at its height, will control Southeast Asia, North Africa, and a large part of Europe.
The Ottomans were a Muslim Tribal group that originated from a nomadic group out of Central Asia
“Osman” was a powerful leader who helped unite the tribes, and the Ottomans would take their name in his honor.

9. The Turks would capture Constantinople under the rule of Memhet II, also known as Memhet the Conqueror.
Under future rulers the Turks would gain Greece, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Hungary, etc
Controlled agricultural land, trade cities, a strong government, and the Holy cities of all three Monotheistic Religions.

11. Empire Structure Sultan: Absolute Ruler of Ottoman Empire
Sultan would pass rule to a male in the family, not always a son. New Sultans would often kill or imprison relatives to remove the competition
Grand Viser: Chief Minister of the Government
Divan: Council of Ministers and Military Leaders
Provincial Governors
Bureaucracy & Meritocracy

12. Many government officials were captives from the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire required devshirme: a tax calling for an allotment of Children.
Many of the boys would be trained as Janissaries, or slave soldiers
Janissaries were considered some of the finest fighters in the world.

13. Diverse Society
Because of the size of the Empire the Ottomans had a diverse society.
They were tolerant of the many peoples and religions.
Different religious groups were organized into separate communities with the right to run their own areas.

14. Shi’a Muslims were less tolerated as they were viewed as a threat to control.
Suleyman, a sultan, would create a strict legal code based off of Islamic Law.
Suleyman’s Law code provided a uniform legal system for all peoples.

15. Decline
Suleyman dies in 1566, and the Ottoman Empire begins to decline.
The Ottomans experienced two major defeats to combined European forces
The Policy of imprisoning family backfired. Sometimes these people did become Sultans. However they didn’t get educated properly while jailed, and mismanaged the empire.

16. Europe developed new trade routes that bypassed the Ottoman Empire, so they lost money
New Silver from the Americas decreased the importance of Ottoman Silver
The Empire would last until 1923, after World War I.

17. Mughal India (Empire)
Also Muslim Turks who originated from Central Asia (same as Ottomans)
The founder of the Mughal Empire was named Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan.
Mughal is the Persian word for Mongol

18. Babur would conquer Northern India defeating an army of 100,000 men with just 12,000 of his own.
Babur’s advantage was he had cannons and muskets.
Babur’s son would lose most of the empire.
When he died, his Son Akbar would take over and revive the Empire

19. Golden Age Akbar would take control of the Empire when he was 14.
He would rule for over 40 years.
His success was partly due to him dividing India into provinces.
He reformed the tax system, and promoted tolerance of all peoples
He was viewed an Indian, not a foreign invader.
Golden Age

20. Could be especially cruel when needed
Could be especially cruel when needed. He destroyed the town of a governor who opposed him.
Akbar would encourage the arts throughout his rule, and would die in 1605 and be followed by numerous success
One successor, Shah Jahan will be best known for Building the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife.
Another ruler, Aurangzeh, would end tolerance of Hindus, and carry out a bloody military campaign to capture southern India.

21. Taj Mahal

22. Trade and Interactions
Mughals relied on the diversity of India for economic success.
Because of their location India was important in trade with China and the Spice Islands.
The Mughals would use these trade routes to help spread Islam
Increased trade would bring a greater European influence

23. Mughal Decline As European influence grew, the Mughal power declined.
Mughal persecution of Hindus also lead to the unpopularity of the Empire among the people
In the 1700s, The British seeing an opportunity took control of large portions of India, and would maintain control until after World War II

24. Ming & Qing Dynasties
In the mid 1300s the Mongols are still in charge of China.
Popular opposition will lead to their overthrow, and the Ming Dynasty will take over.
The translation of the word Ming is “Brilliant”

25. Old & New The Ming will revive the civil service system
The Emperor will also enact a tax and land reform. This will cause an increase in trade throughout their Empire
However, the Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, will be a despot. He will execute those who oppose him, and suspects everyone of wrong doing.

26. In 1403 his son, Yong Le would take control of the empire.
He will rebuild the Great Wall, and move the capital to Beijing.
He will be responsible for the construction of the Forbidden City.

30. Seafaring China Yong Le will also support China’s navy.
He will sponsor the voyages of Admiral Zheng He, who will explore extensively between 1405 & 1433.
Treasure voyages, consisted of hundreds of ships of enormous dimensions carrying a crew as large as 28,000 and great amounts of treasures.

31. Zheng He's treasure ships were mammoth in size
Nine masts
Four decks,
capable of accommodating more than 500 passengers, as well as a massive amount of cargo.
(The voyages were known to bring back Elephants & Giraffes)
Some of the ships were said to have been
137 meters (450 feet) long and 55 meters (180 feet) wide, which was at least twice as long as the largest European ships of that time.
Some sources claim the ships were even longer — 180 meters (600 feet).
How did these Ships Work?
The hull was V-shaped, the keel long
The ballast heavy. Treasure ships also used floating anchors cast off the sides of the ship in order to increase stability.
Watertight compartments were also used to add strength to the treasure ships.
The ships also had a balanced rudder which could be raised and lowered, creating additional stability like an extra keel.

32. In the 1430s sea travel will end due to its expense.
Zheng He dedicated the last 28 years of his life to marine navigation until he died during or shortly after his seventh and final voyage.
Though there is a Zheng He tomb in Nanjing, he was buried at sea
When Zheng He returned, China had a new emperor who was uninterested in the continuation of such government-sponsored naval adventures.
The Treasure Shipyard in Nanjing, where Zheng He’s massive fleet was built was shut down, abandoned and subsequently lost to history.
Many of the ships were dismantled and the wood used for other building projects
These voyages will help to open China to the trading world, and they will adopt the nickname of the Middle Kingdom
In the 1430s sea travel will end due to its expense.

34. Did Zheng He Discover the Americas?
Jan 16th 2006
A Beijing Lawyer reveals an old map dated 1763, but has a note on it stating it is a reproduction of a map made in 1418
After consulting with scholars and experts in the field the lawyer put forth the idea that Zheng He actually discovered America in 1421 (71 years BEFORE Columbus)
As proof he argues that Chinese Colonies were left along the West Coast of the Americas (Which just absorbed into the native cultures)
Despite it being a fun story, many historians say the map is too “modern” to be as old as it is originally claimed to be.
Did Zheng He Discover the Americas?

36. Qing Dynasty The Ming Rule for about 300 years.
They will grow weak due to corruption and rebellion.
The Qing dynasty will take over which will be seen as a passing of the mandate of heaven
Qing means pure
The Qing are ethnically Manchus

37. Though Manchus are seen as foreigners they have long been influenced by the Chinese and are really very similar
The Qing will balance harsh rule with that of acceptance. The nature of their rule will eventually win the respect of the Chinese.
Excellent Emperors will also help the Qing Dynasty.
Both rulers will be competent and well respected. They expand the empire and this again makes the Chinese like the Qing

38. Decline of the Qing
Like other Chinese rulers the Qing would officially not recognize trade as important.
They would restrict trade to the city of Canton (Guangzhou).
Despite looking down on trade, they will trade for silver from the Americas.
This trade allows the Chinese population to boom to 1/3 of the earths’ population

39. The growth was unsustainable.
The Qing would become victim of food shortages and famine, and rebellions would break out.
Ignoring technology left the Qing vulnerable to the more scientifically advanced European nations.
The Qing dynasty will last until 1911, but because of their inability to adapt and change they will become increasingly victim to European influences.
Their last emperor (Henry Pu Yi) was a kid too… He was forced to abdicate when he was 6. (He became emperor when he was 2)

40. Tokugawa Japan In the 1600s the Tokugawa family would unify Japan.
Before Tokugawa rule, Japan had a feudal society:
Emperor: Top of the structure
Shogun: Military leaders who ruled on behalf of the emperor
Daimyo: Local lords who controlled large estates

43. In the late 1400s there would be a Civil War in Japan.
Shoguns would lose control, Daimyos would fight with Samurai armies
Known as Age of the Warring States
Eventually, 2 powerful daimyos would start to put down their opponents.
The Tokugawa would end the wars and set up a government that lasts for 250 years.

44. Tokugawa Rule
To create stability the Tokugawa would have a strong central government.
To prevent Daimyo from getting to powerful the Tokugawa would:
Create a secret police
Ban the use of firearms
Build new castles
Hold family members as hostages
Charge heavy taxes

45. Tokugawa Social System
Four Social Classes:
Warrior Class: Samurai (5%)
Farmers: Considered the most productive members of society
Artisans
Merchants
Rules for behavior and dress were created and followed by each class
Social mobility was extremely rare

46. Chinese Influence Japanese social system reflects Confucian values
Japanese writing system was borrowed and evolved from the Chinese system
Adopted Buddhism
Kabuki (performance) and Haiku (17 syllable poems) were both developed during the Tokugawa Era

47. A Policy of Isolation
Shortly before the Tokugawa took control, Europeans had arrived in Asia.
Originally the Tokugawa were open to European influence
However, when many Japanese began to convert to Catholicism the rulers became xenophobic (fear of Foreign things)
The Tokugawa would expel the Christians Missionaries

48. The xenophobia would continue, and most Europeans will be banned from Japan by 1638.
The Dutch were allowed to visit once or twice a year.
Eventually the Tokugawa would close off all ports to foreign trade, and would remain isolated for about 200 years. This would be detrimental to science and technology.

49. In the 1800s American warships forced Japan to reopen to foreign trade.
Shortly thereafter the Tokugawa rule came to an end.

50. Rise of Russia
At one point and time the Mongols controlled Russia (yet another reason why people didn’t travel through Russia to China)
The Mongols allowed Russian Princes to control their own cities in exchange for a tribute
This allowed Ivan III, Ivan the Great, to take control in 1462

51. Ivan, seeing the Mongols were in decline, began to conquer lands and based his power in Moscow.
Ivan began to call himself the Csar (Tsar) or the Russian Version of Caesar.
Ivan saw Russia as the Third Great Roman Empire

52. Ivan IV (The Terrible)
Ivan III grandson, Ivan IV took three steps to strengthen Russia
He conquered Mongol land to the South and East
Instituted a unified legal code to make Russia more efficient
He fought feudalism and took power away from the Russian Nobility
Still, Ivan was seen as a cruel tyrant who was constantly worried someone would steal his power.

54. Time of Troubles
After Ivan IV death his son took control. However he was a weak ruler, and Russia would enter a 15 year Civil War known as the Time of Troubles
In 1613 Michael Romanov would become Tsar and begin to mend Russia’s divisions
Under the Romanov’s Russia would continue to expand reaching the Pacific Ocean

55. Peter the Great Many Romanovs continued to modernize Russia.
Peter I, the Great, longed to be like the rest of Europe and visited factories, hospitals, museums, and shipyards to get ideas.
He built a new capital (St Petersburg), set up schools, established an academy of sciences, and even commanded all upper Russian government members to dress more “Westerly”

56. Catherine the Great
Catherine II would continue the Enlightenment of Russia by supporting the arts and sciences.
Both Catherine and Peter hoped to advance Russia, but crushed anyone who opposed them.
They are sometimes called Enlightened Despots

57. End of the Monarchy
Much of the Russian Population were serfs, or peasant farmers bound to their land.
Despite the change in Russia nothing ever benefited them.
Lead by Lenin and Marx there would be a peasant rebellion in 1917.
The Romanov Family would be executed, and the Russian Monarchy would end.

58. Group Work Spend some time reading over your assigned section.
Write down on a sheet of paper the information you think is important for you to know, something you don’t know, or a fact that is just really interesting
The Teacher (Me) will tell you when to get into your groups.
One (1) writer will help the groups organize their list of the most important info for their section