Animal Farm English Literature.

Animal Farm English Literature

Animal Farm Introduction
Lesson objective: revise chapter 1-3 and read chapter 4-5 Animal Farm Introduction Lesson 1: Context

Animal Farm Objectives: To learn about the author of the text
To introduce the themes of Animal Farm To learn about the author of the text

Revolutionary Research
‘I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution.’ George Orwell, author of Animal Farm What is a satire? What is a revolution? Who was Tsar Nicholas? Who were Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin? What is Communism? What is totalitarianism?

George Orwell George Orwell was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by themes of Social injustice Opposition to totalitarianism - dictatorship: a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition) Democratic socialism - Democratic Socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically. Orwell is best known for the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and Animal Farm (1945), In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".

Context When Animal Farm was published in the 1940s the USSR was under the control of the ruthless dictator Joseph Stalin. The ideals of freedom and equality dreamed of in the 1917 revolution had turned into a nightmare. Corruption, starvation, oppression and executions were commonplace under Stalin’s rule. The socialist dream had been destroyed and the idealism of the revolution betrayed. This was the inspiration for Orwell’s novel. Rather than write a direct attack on the USSR, Orwell decided to write a satire and set on a farm. Orwell described what gave him the idea of setting the book on a farm: ‘...I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.’

Historical Context Click on the image opposite to watch a BBC film about the historical context of George Orwell’s Animal Farm.

Historical Context Animal Farm is an Allegory of HISTORICAL EVENTS in Russia following the fall of the Tsar in 1917 and the seizing of power by the Communists and their leader Lenin. Orwell’s book mirrors Stalin’s subsequent struggle with Trotsky for leadership and his eventual control of Russia from the 1920s to the end of WW2 1917 – Russian Revolution - Stalin becomes general secretary of the Communist party 1924 – In the UK, first Labour government forms under Ramsay MacDonald; in Russia Lenin dies; Stalin and Trotsky struggle for power 1928 – Frist of Stalin’s five year plans 1929 – Trotsky exiled from Soviet Union 1933 – Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, elected chancellor in Germany – Stalin’s Great Purge kills millions 1939 – Stalin and Hitler sign non-agression pact – Second world war 1940 – Trotsky assassinated on Stalin’s orders 1941 – Germany invades Russia 1943 – Battle of Stalinggrad; Roosevelt, Churchhill and Stalin meet 1953 – Stalin dies

Check your understanding
What was the inspiration for Animal Farm? What is a satire? What were the main ideals of Communism? Who were Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin? What happened to Communist ideals under Stalin? Why did Orwell set his novel on a farm?

Animal Farm Chapter 1

Animal Farm Lesson Objectives: To read Chapter 1
To gather first impressions of Mr Jones and the animals To analyse Old Major’s speech

Chapter 1 - summary Major, a prize-winning boar, tells the other animals on Manor Farm about a dream he has had, in which animals live free from human slavery Major’s speech inspires the animals to rebel against mankind and create their own society based on Major’s ideas of equality and freedom.

Why is Chapter 1 important?
It introduces the setting (a farm), Mr Jones and the animals to the reader. The first animal we meet is Major, the ‘Middle White’ boar – a breed of pig (p13) Orwell makes us notice the differences between the animals and their behaviour in the barn gives the reader clues as to how the animals will behave later in the book. The animals are anthropomorphic (a description of animals that are seen to behave like humans. They talk and think for instance) but are still believable as farm animals Major’s speech establishes an idealised vision of the future in contrast to the animals’ present suffering under Mr Jones – and their later suffering under the pigs Orwell encourages the reader to feel sympathetic towards some of the farm animals from the start so that we appreciate just how badly the pigs behave as they gain control of the farm Major’s revolutionary vision predicts many events that later come true – such as Boxer’s eventual fate. The irony is that this occurs under the pigs tyranny, not man’s.

Old Major’s Speech Task
In Chapter 1 Old Major delivers a powerful speech to all the animals encouraging them to rebel against humans. He uses many rhetorical techniques to communicate his ideas and persuade the other animals. Task In pairs, go through Old Major’s speech with a highlighter and identify as many persuasive techniques as you can. Look out for: Rhetorical questions Repetition Hyperbole Emotive language Rule of three Alliteration Directly addressing the audience Short sentences Facts and opinions

Old Major’s Speech Major states that the life of the animals on the farm is one of ‘misery and slavery’ (pg15) because the animals are exploited by man, their only real enemy, who consumes without producing’ (pg16) and doesn’t reward them for what he takes. This speech is based on the work of the German philosopher Karl Marx. Marx believed that capitalists behave in the same way that Major thinks the humans do, by exploiting the workers or proletariat (or in Major’s case the farm animals). The proletariat (Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively) are exploited by being made to work very hard in return for minimal pay. They never see the rewards for their own labour. Marx thought that this would only stop if the proletariat revolted against the capitalists. Orwell wants the reader to feel sympathetic to this Marxist argument by listing the ways in which man makes animals suffer. According to Major ‘No animal in England is free’ (pg15), so therefore the only solution is to rebel against man.

According to the Major there should be…
‘Perfect unity’ as ‘All animals are comrades’ (pg17) Is this true? Although Orwell uses Major to emphasise the need for unity and equality in chapter 1, there are signs that this is harder to achieve than the animals first think. Directly after Major’s speech, the dogs attack the rats (pg17) so this therefore directly seems to contradict what the Major has just said. The animals are not united at the start of the story; although some animals protect others, some seem intent on fighting amongst themselves.

Extension Questions Would you describe Orwell’s language as simple or complex? Explain your answer. Why would Orwell use this type of language? Consider the book’s intended audience and purpose. Why is the song ‘Beasts of England’ important? What things does Old Major say that animals should never do? What do you think and feel about Old Major’s speech? Is he right?

Animal Farm Cartoon Strip
Look at the cartoon strip below. It portrays the events of the opening pages of Animal Farm. Complete the cartoon strip, narrating the main events of Chapter One. Image:

Teacher-of-English.com Animal Farm Chapter 2

Animal Farm Lesson Objectives: To read Chapter 2
To compare and contrast the characters of Snowball and Napoleon

Table of events This table will help you keep track of the main events that take place in the novel. Copy it then complete it as you read through the book. Chapter Characters Key Events 1 Mr Jones The Animals Major, a prize-winning boar, tells the other animals on Manor Farm about a dream he has had, in which animals live free from human slavery Major’s speech inspires the animals to rebel against mankind and create their own society based on Major’s ideas of equality and freedom. 2 3 4 5

Chapter Characters Key Events 6 7 8 9 10

Chapter 2 Summary Following Major’s death, the pigs teach his ideas to the other animals on the farm Mr Jones forgets to feed and milk the animals who rebel against him and drive him and his men off the farm Mrs Jones flees the farm followed by Moses Napoleon and Snowball (2 literate boars) take charge Following Major’s instructions, basic rules are established for a free and equal society on the farm

Chapter 2 Summary continued
The seven commandments are written on the wall for all to read, but despite Snowball’s literacy classes, few of the animals can read them Manor Farm is renamed Animal Farm and is a more efficient and happier place than before. The animals seem to have created a perfect society While the animals are at the harvest, unbeknown to them, Napoleon attends to the milk . On their return they find that the milk has vanished.

It establishes the Major’s dream, which inspires the animals’ and gives them ‘a completely different outlook on life’ (pg23). Orwell introduces three pigs on the farm; Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer who are the driving force behind the planning for the revolution. They take Major’s ideas and turn them into a philosophy called ‘Animalism’ (pg23) which is taught to the other animals. Support for these ideas is seen to be neither uniform nor unanimous. Some animals react with ‘stupidity and apathy’ (pg24), some still feel loyalty towards Mr Jones. These differences of opinion will bring problems later on. The Rebellion is a ‘sudden uprising’ (pg26) and happens faster than any of the animals had imagined.

Characterisation: Snowball and Napoleon
Read the opening page of Chapter 2. What are your first impressions of Snowball and Napoleon? Write a paragraph on each.

Snowball What are your first impressions of Snowball? Find words or phrases from the text to describe him.

Napoleon What are your first impressions of Napoleon? Find words or phrases from the text to describe him.

How are Snowball and Napoleon similar and different?
Compare and Contrast How are Snowball and Napoleon similar and different? Similarities Differences Pigs Snowball talks about his plans and ideals. They both want power Snowball keeps to the commandments while Napoleon changes them “all animals are equal but some are more equal than others” They both believe in communist ideals. Napoleon is a manipulator. He uses fear and terror. Snowball helps the people form committees to give them education and political power. They are both against the establishment (MR. Jones/humans) Snowball wanted to spread communism/animalism world wide. Nepoleon wanted to keep it just in one place.

Plenary Volunteers read diary entries out to the class. Constructive criticism.

Animal Farm Objectives: To read Chapter 3
To compare and contrast the characters of Snowball and Napoleon To write a diary entry recording the events of the rebellion

The Revolution Read up to the end of chapter 2.
Discuss with your partner the key events in the plot and how the characters are portrayed.

The Great Rebellion Imagine you are either Mr. Jones, Snowball or Napoleon. Think about what happens in Chapter 2. What would you think and feel about the rebellion? Imagine that you keep a diary. Write a diary entry describing the events of the rebellion. Use the key features of effective diary writing: First person perspective Personal pronouns Use imaginative and vivid description Include the main events of Chapter 2 Include your character’s thoughts and feelings

Extension Questions List the seven commandments. Why are they important? Explain the idea of Animalism. Look at the discussion between Snowball and Mollie in Chapter 2. What does this conversation reveal about each character? What does Moses tell the animals? Why do the pigs hate Moses? What are the main causes of the rebellion in Chapter 2? What is the mood on the farm immediately following the rebellion? What do you think happens to the milk at the end of Chapter 2? How could this seemingly minor event have important consequences?

Animal Farm Objective – To investigate the events in Chapter 3
Success Criteria To have completed the character match up To have revised my knowledge To have assessed the key events in this chapter and made notes on these To have looked at the importance of the theme of conflict and unity.

Match up the description with the character
Who’s who? Match up the description with the character ‘Mr Jones’s especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker.’ Boxer ‘a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar…not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way.’ Moses ‘an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together.’ Squealer ‘the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones’s trap’ Clover ‘a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character.’ Mollie Benjamin ‘a stout motherly mare approaching middle life.’ ‘a brilliant talker…very persuasive’ Napoleon Snowball ‘the oldest animal on the farm … He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark.’

Match up the description with the character
Who’s who? Match up the description with the character ‘Mr Jones’s especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker.’ Moses ‘a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar…not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way.’ Napoleon ‘an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together.’ Boxer ‘the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones’s trap’ Mollie ‘a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character.’ Snowball Clover ‘a stout motherly mare approaching middle life.’ ‘a brilliant talker…very persuasive’ Squealer Benjamin ‘the oldest animal on the farm … He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark.’

Chapter 3 Summary The pigs take charge
The harvest is complete in record time, as the animals work hard under the supervision of the pigs The animals are taught to read and write by Snowball Napoleon takes the puppies away to raise them himself Squealer tells the animals that the pigs have taken the apples and milk for everyone’s benefit

Copy the following notes it to your books It shows the animals behaviour after the Rebellion is generally unselfish and as a result they achieve greater success than before Boxer’s determination is contrasted with the behaviour of Mollie and the cat, who can be described as parasites (they benefit from the others hard work withou contributing themselves) Orwell draws the reader’s attention to the fact that the revolution and issues or equality are not straightforward We see that Snowball is an innovator. He organises various committees in an effort to help the animals There is conflict between Snowball and Napoleon We begin to see Squealer’s importance to the pigs

Unity and Conflict Orwell emphasises the animals’ unity and creates a community in which individuals work their hardest for the group. The animals behaviour seems to have changed for the better However, the conflict between Snowball and Napoleon disrupts this peace. Napoleon dismisses Snowball’s work and concentrates on building his own power.

Propaganda As the pigs gain power on the farm they look to ways of keeping it. One very effective way is through the use of propaganda. What is propaganda? Propaganda is information put out by an organization or government to promote a policy, idea or cause. In the Communist USSR, propaganda was often deceptive or distorted information used to help the ruling group stay in power.

Look at the grade boundaries, which
Candidates • listen closely and attentively, engaging with what is heard through perceptive responses • make significant contributions that move discussions forward • engage with others’ ideas and feelings, recognising obvious bias or prejudice and referring to precise detail. Candidates: 4 – 10 12 • challenge, develop and respond to what they hear in thoughtful and considerate ways, seeking clarification through apt questions • analyse and reflect on others’ ideas to clarify issues and assumptions and develop the discussion • identify useful outcomes and help structure discussion through purposeful contributions. Candidates: • sustain concentrated listening, showing understanding of complex ideas through interrogating what is said • shape direction and content of talk, responding with flexibility to develop ideas and challenge assumptions • initiate, develop and sustain discussion through encouraging participation and interaction, resolving differences and achieving positive outcomes. Objective To assess a sample of group interaction speaking and listening assessments To have engaged in a group discussion based on how Squealer uses rhetorical techniques to persuade the other animals? Starter Look at the grade boundaries, which bullet points do you think you are good at? Based on this try and predict your result

Squealer’s Speech In Animal Farm, propaganda is used to trick and deceive. The propaganda extolled, becomes a twisted mass of lies and half-truths intended to hide the reality of the situation from the animals. It is used to confuse and bewilder them. And above all, to stop them thinking for themselves. Squealer is in charge of all the propaganda for Napoleon. Every time something happens which makes the animals question the way the revolution is progressing, Squealer uses his skills with language to persuade them that everything is for the best.

Group Task – This task will go towards your group speaking and listening level
Look again at the final page of Chapter 3 and focus on Squealer’s speech to the animals. How does he use rhetorical techniques to persuade the other animals? Look out for: Rhetorical questions Repetition Hyperbole Emotive language Rule of three Alliteration Directly addressing the audience Short sentences Facts and opinions

Selection Out of a mass of complex facts, the propagandist selects only those which support his arguments and assertions. Lying Telling lies is always a major tool of the propagandist. Remember what Hitler said: ‘If you tell a BIG LIE often enough and loudly enough people will begin to believe it.’ Repetition If you keep repeating a statement again and again, it will eventually be accepted by your listeners. Pinpointing the enemy The propagandist often tries to find an enemy, real or imagined, to attack. This unites everybody against the 'enemy' and encourages them to stop thinking for themselves (and to avoid viewing the propagandist as the enemy). Assertion The propagandist rarely argues. He just makes bold statements that he asserts to be true -and goes on and on making them. Rhetorical questions The propagandist often peppers his speeches with questions which he intends to answer himself. He does not want his listeners to answer them because he does not want them to think. He will do their thinking for them.

Squealer Assessment Objective: *English/English Language AO1 Candidates:Band 1 -3 • respond to what they hear, showing some interest, including non-verbalreactions • make brief, occasional contributions and general statements in discussion • follow central ideas and possibilities in what they hear and raise straightforward questions. Candidates:2 4-6 • respond positively to what they hear, including helpful requests forexplanation and further detail • make specific, relevant contributions to discussion • allow others to express ideas or points of view that may differ from their own and respond appropriately. Candidates • listen closely and attentively, engaging with what is heard through perceptive responses • make significant contributions that move discussions forward • engage with others’ ideas and feelings, recognising obvious bias or prejudice and referring to precise detail. Candidates: 4 – 10 12 • challenge, develop and respond to what they hear in thoughtful and considerate ways, seeking clarification through apt questions • analyse and reflect on others’ ideas to clarify issues and assumptions and develop the discussion • identify useful outcomes and help structure discussion through purposeful contributions. Candidates: • sustain concentrated listening, showing understanding of complex ideas through interrogating what is said • shape direction and content of talk, responding with flexibility to develop ideas and challenge assumptions • initiate, develop and sustain discussion through encouraging participation and interaction, resolving differences and achieving positive outcomes. Group Task – This task will go towards your group speaking and listening level Look again at the final page of Chapter 3 and focus on Squealer’s speech to the animals. How does he use rhetorical techniques to persuade the other animals? Look out for: Rhetorical questions Repetition Hyperbole Emotive language Rule of three Alliteration Directly addressing the audience Short sentences Facts and opinions

Squealer How does he defend the pigs’ need for milk and apples?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS How does he defend the pigs’ need for milk and apples? What facts does he use to reinforce his argument? How does he try to make the pigs sound self-sacrificing and devoted to the success of Animalism? How does he use fear to enforce his point of view?

Extension Questions At the start of the chapter what motivates the animals to work so hard? How are Boxer and Benjamin different? Which animals are the most active in the debates? Which animals organise and run the farm? What sets them apart from other animals? What happens to the newborn puppies? Why do you think he wants them? How does Orwell use foreshadowing in the scene with the windfall apples at the end of the chapter?

Animal Farm Objectives: To complete the table of events for Chapter 4
To analyse key characters in detail

Table of Events Complete the table recording the main events of the first three chapters. Chapter Setting Characters Key Events 1 2 3

Refresh your memory read the following Chapter 4 summary
Animal Farm Objectives: To complete the table of events for Chapter 4 To analyse key characters in detail Starter Refresh your memory read the following Chapter 4 summary News of the rebellion at Animal Farm spreads. The animals try to promote revolutionary ideas of Animal Farm across the countryside. The farmers of the two neighbouring farms, Mr Frederick and Mr Pilkington, scared that their own animals will revolt, take steps to prevent an animal uprising Mr Jones attempts to recapture Animal Farm Snowball leads the animals to victory in the Battle of the Cowshed

Orwell reminds us of what the animals are revolting against when he introduces the humans The farmers suppress any signs of rebellion on neighbouring farms Snowball is seen as a brilliant strategist Boxer’s compassion is emphasised when he is upset at knocking the stable-lad unconscious during the battle There are further signs that a hierarchy is slowly developing. Napoleon and Snowball direct events on the farm and the actions of some animals are rewarded

Society created by the animals
Think about similarities between the society created by the animals and that of our own. Complete the table below. Our own society Society created by the animals A national anthem – God Save the Queen Awards for bravery during war – The Victoria Cross Set of rules to live by – The Ten Commandments Commemoration days - Day of Remembrance A national flag – Union Flag

Characterisation Boxer appears frequently in the opening chapters of Animal Farm. Complete a character description on him based on what you have read so far. Consider Orwell’s description of the characters, their actions, interactions and the dialogue they use.

Boxer - What are your impressions of Boxer
Boxer - What are your impressions of Boxer? and Use your own words to describe him Find quotations from the text to support those points and explain what they tell us Strong – “an enormous beast”. He represents the revolution’s most loyal disciple who is prepared to make the biggest sacrifices for the farm’s success Boxer is horrified when he thinks he might have hurt he young boy . Represents the proletariat and their hopes for a better future He is brave and prepared to defend the farm but his violence is not pre-meditated – he will only use as much violence as is needed to achieve his aims Committed and honest Slogan – “I will work harder” – unquestioning faith in the pigs

Homework Read Chapter 5 Answer Questions (due Thursday)
1. What further examples of the difference between the pigs and the other animals occur in these two chapters? 2. What are Napoleon’s ideas about education? 3. How is Squealer able to convince the other animals to accept whatever Napoleon decides? 4. Describe the Battle of the Cowshed. 5. What was Snowball’s part in this battle? 6. Where is Napoleon during the battle? 7. What is the significance of the gun’s placement at the foot of the flagpole?

Plenary Do like the character of Boxer?
What redeeming qualities does he have?

Snowball Like his allegorical counter-part, Trotsky, Snowball is seen as a capable leader. He anticipates the humans’ attack and devises a carefully planned campaign in which the invaders are ambushed. Snowball’s actions are later distorted by Napoleon to turn the animals against him and build up is own reputation. Snowball can be ruthless, however – he dismisses human suffering saying “The only good human being is a dead one.”

Mollie What are your impressions of Mollie? Find quotations from the text and use your own words to describe her.

Benjamin What are your impressions of Benjamin? Find quotations from the text and use your own words to describe him.

Contrasting Characters Boxer, Mollie and Benjamin
What have you learnt about Boxer, Mollie and Benjamin? Write a paragraph about them explaining their differences. Use quotations from the text to support your answer. Use the sentence starters below to begin. Boxer, Mollie and Benjamin Boxer is … Orwell describes him as … (description) The way he … reveals … (actions/interactions) Boxer says … which conveys … (dialogue) In contrast Mollie …

Extension Questions How does news of the rebellion spread across the animal world? What are Napoleon’s views on education? How do the neighbouring farmers Pilkington and Frederick react to events on Animal Farm? What part did the following characters play in the battle: Snowball, Mollie, Napoleon and Boxer? What does the dialogue between Boxer and Napoleon reveal about each character? How do the animals celebrate the victory? How does Orwell create a sense of foreboding at the end of the chapter?

Moses and Sugarcandy Mountain
Homework: Satire Animal Farm is a satire of the Russian Revolution and the rise of the USSR in the first half of the Twentieth Century. Your task is to find out what the following characters and events from the novel represent in European history. Old Major Mr Jones Snowball Napoleon Animalism Rebellion Battle of the Cowshed Mr. Frederick Mr. Pilkington Boxer Squealer Moses and Sugarcandy Mountain

Animal Farm Chapter 5

Animal Farm Objectives:
To play ‘Pick a Number’ to consolidate knowledge of Chapters One to Four To read and discuss Chapter Five To answer an essay question on Napoleon

Lenin and Stalin The image below shows Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. Which animals are they represented by in Animal Farm? Image:

Pick a number 6 5 1 9 8 4 2 3 Choose a number, then respond to the question asked. 7

What is the name of the song of the rebellion?

‘I will work harder.’ Who says this?

What name is given to the battle that takes place in Chapter 4?

What honour is awarded to Snowball and Boxer in Chapter 4?

What was the name of the farm before the animals took control?

Describe the flag of animal farm. What does it symbolise?

Name the seven commandments.

Animal Farm satirises what historical event?

What word do the animals use to address each other after the rebellion
What word do the animals use to address each other after the rebellion? What does the word mean?

Read up to the end of Chapter Five.
The Seizure of Power Read up to the end of Chapter Five. Discuss the key events leading up to the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball.

Napoleon’s Rise to Power
In Chapter Five Napoleon seizes control of the farm. How does he achieve this? Task Your task is to write a short essay explaining how Napoleon secures his position as leader of the farm. Study Chapter Five carefully and pick out the key things Napoleon does which help him seize power. You have 30 minutes to write your essay.

Plenary Volunteers read your essays out to the class. Constructive criticism.

Animal Farm Objectives: To explore the hierarchy of the farm
To read and discuss Chapter Six To assess how the original ideals of Animalism have changed

Chapter 6 - Life on the Farm 15/03/13
Objectives: To explore the hierarchy of the farm To read and discuss Chapter Six To assess how the original ideals of Animalism have changed Starter: Copy this into your books Although the animals have expelled the hated farmer Mr Jones life on the farm is tough: the work is physically very demanding, living conditions are poor and food is running low. The farm has also developed a clear hierarchy with the pigs at the top and animals such as the sheep, cows and horses, at the bottom.

Farm Hierarchy Copy the diagram

Read up to the end of Chapter Six.
The Windmill Read up to the end of Chapter Six. Discuss the key events of the chapter. Consider how Chapter Six develops the plot, characters and themes of the novel.

Farm Hierarchy Where would the following go on the diagram?
The dogs enforce the will of Napoleon and the pigs. They represent the police and the army. The other animals Napoleon Napoleon is a dictator. He has complete control of the farm. He has abolished debates and voting. The dogs The pigs The pigs represent the government. They are intelligent and organise the running of the farm. The other animals represent the workers. They provide the labour which keeps the farm running.

Farm Hierarchy Napoleon The pigs The dogs The other animals
Napoleon is a dictator. He has complete control of the farm. He abolishes debates and voting. The pigs represent the government. They are intelligent and organise the running of the farm. Napoleon The pigs The dogs enforce the will of Napoleon and the pigs. They represent the police and the army. The other animals represent the workers. They provide the labour which keeps the farm running. The dogs The other animals

The Decline of Animalism
In the table below make notes about how the ideals of animalism have been eroded under Napoleon’s regime. In the first column are some of the original principles of Animalism, your task is to complete the second column, explaining how each ideal has slowly disappeared. Original Principle How the ideal has changed All animals are equal The apples and milk are reserved for the pigs. The pigs get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals. Animals have a right to debate and vote Man is the enemy of all animals No animal must ever live in the farmhouse The commandment – ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed’

The Decline of Animalism
Some suggestions which show the decline of the original ideals of Animalism. Original Principle How the ideal has changed All animals are equal The apples and milk are reserved for the pigs. The pigs get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals. Animals have a right to debate and vote Snowball is expelled from the farm. Debates are banned by Napoleon. Man is the enemy of all animals Napoleon begins to trade with neighbouring human farmers. No animal must ever live in the farmhouse The pigs take up residence in the farmhouse. The commandment – ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed’ The pigs sleep in beds in the farmhouse. The commandment is changed to ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets’.

Extension Questions Chapter Six begins with the line, ‘All that year the animals worked like slaves.’ What is ironic about this sentence? What difficulties do the animals face in Chapter Six? Who always works harder than the other animals? What are his mottoes? Why does he insist on working so hard? Why does Napoleon begin to trade with neighbouring farms? How do the animals react to the idea of trading with humans? How does Squealer reassure the animals? How does the behaviour of the pigs change in Chapter Six? Who is blamed for the destruction of the windmill? Why does Napoleon want to place the blame on him? How does Napoleon use the collapse of the windmill to his advantage?

Volunteers feedback answers.
Plenary Volunteers feedback answers. Discuss findings.

To consolidate understanding of Chapters Four to Six To read and discuss Chapter Seven To write empathetically about the events of Chapter Seven.

Table of Events Complete the table recording the main events of the chapters four to six. Chapter Setting Characters Key Events 4 5 6

The Purges Read up to the end of Chapter Seven.
Discuss the key events of the chapter. Consider how Chapter Seven develops the plot, characters and themes of the novel.

After the Executions Imagine you are either Benjamin, Clover, Squealer or Napoleon. Think about what happens in Chapter Seven. What would you think and feel about the executions? Imagine that you keep a diary. Write a diary entry describing the events of Chapter Seven. Use the key features of effective diary writing: First person perspective Personal pronouns Use imaginative and vivid description Include the main events of Chapter Seven Include your character’s thoughts and feelings

Extension Questions What is the real reason for the collapse of the windmill? What happens in January that has terrible consequences for the animals? How do the pigs cover up the truth of what is happening from the outside world? Why do the hens rebel? What happens to them? Why are Squealer and Napoleon keen to spread rumours about Snowball’s attacks on the farm? What do they stand to gain? How does Squealer attempt to rewrite history in this chapter? Explain why the dogs attack Boxer. Why do the animals confess to crimes they may not have committed? How do the executions affect the animals? Why does Napoleon want the other animals to feel afraid? Why is ‘Beasts of England’ banned? What is it replaced with? How is the meaning of the new song different? What does this reveal about the corruption of Animalism?

Plenary Volunteers read diary entries out to the class. Constructive criticism.

Teacher-of-English.com Animal Farm Chapter 8
Image:

Animal Farm Objectives: To explore the concept of allegory
To read and discuss Chapter Eight To develop understanding of the significance of The Battle of the Windmill through hotseating

Allegory On a simple level Animal Farm can be read as a fairy story about a group of animals that rebel against their human master and try to run the farm themselves. But the book also works on a deeper level where Orwell is exploring ideas about power, corruption and totalitarianism. This means that Animal Farm is an allegory. An allegory is a narrative with a concealed meaning under the surface. Allegories often have social, political or moral messages to convey. The characters in Animal Farm represent real historical figures from the era of the USSR and events such as The Battle of the Cowshed and the executions mirror the real events of World War One and The Purges. Image:

The Battle of the Windmill
Read up to the end of Chapter Eight. Discuss the key events of the chapter. Consider how Chapter Eight develops the plot, characters and themes of the novel.

In the Hotseat In Chapter Eight the animals are cheated then attacked by the neighbouring farmer Frederick and his men. The animals win the fight but suffer heavy losses. Animals are killed and the windmill is destroyed for a second time. Following the battle hotseat the main characters and discuss how they feel.

In the Hotseat Who might say that?
Split into groups of four. Each member of the group must assume the identity of a character from the book (either Napoleon, Boxer, Squealer or Benjamin). Your teacher will put forward a series of questions about the events of Chapter Eight to each of the characters. Characters must respond to the questions in detail and in role, showing a depth of understanding of the character and plot. Some possible questions are included on the next slide. The number of dead is heartbreaking. It was a great victory comrades! Life is worse now than under Farmer Jones… Who might say that?

Ideas for questions The following are merely suggestions or starting points. Responses should be detailed - conveying knowledge of plot, character and themes. How did you feel when the men first attacked the farm? Why did the men destroy the windmill? What did you do in the battle? What motivated the animals to fight so hard? Would you agree that the battle was a great victory? How did you feel after the fighting was over? What do you think the future holds for the animals of Animal Farm?

Plenary Volunteers present their hotseating to the class. Constructive criticism.

Extension Questions How is the Sixth Commandment changed? What could be the consequences of this? How has Napoleon’s behaviour changed in the opening pages of Chapter Eight? What does this reveal about him? Frederick and Pilkington represent which historical figures from the 1930s? What does Napoleon’s dealings with Frederick and Pilkington say about Napoleon’s values and ideals? What real life event does the Battle of the Windmill represent? What has caused Napoleon’s ‘illness’ in this Chapter? How does this convey another corruption of the ideals of Animalism? What is Napoleon wearing when he is spotted in the farmyard at half past nine at night? How does this image, and Napoleon’s other behaviour, create a sense of foreboding? What is Squealer doing when he falls off the ladder?

To complete the table of events for chapters seven and eight To read and discuss Chapter Nine To answer a detailed essay question about the events of Chapter Nine

Table of Events Complete the table recording the main events of Chapters Seven and Eight. Chapter Setting Characters Key Events 7 8

Goodbye Boxer Read up to the end of Chapter Nine.
Discuss the key events of the chapter. Consider how Chapter Nine develops the plot, characters and themes of the novel.

‘Boxer was never seen again’
Read the following extract from Chapter Nine. From: ‘However, Benjamin and Clover…’ To: ‘Boxer was never seen again’ Answer the following questions in detail: How does Benjamin speak and behave in this extract? Use quotations from the text in your answer. How does Orwell create a sense of panic in this extract? Use evidence from the text to support your answer. How does this extract reveal the strength of friendship on the farm? Use evidence from the text to support your answer. You have 30 minutes to write your answers.

Volunteers read answers out to the class. Constructive criticism.
Plenary Volunteers read answers out to the class. Constructive criticism.

Teacher-of-English.com Animal Farm Chapter Ten

Starter: Who are the people in this photograph?
Animal Farm Chapter 10 Objective: To analyse the pigs’ rise to power Starter: Who are the people in this photograph? ? ? ?

The Final Chapter Compare your chapter summaries/key events for Chapter 10 What are the differences and similarities? Discuss the key events of the final chapter. What conclusions about the plot, characters and themes of the novel can be drawn?

How is this photograph connected to Animal Farm?
Stalin Roosevelt Churchill

The Rise of the Pigs Complete the graph showing the key events
The pigs begin to organise the farm and teach the others Power The milk disappears Chapter Chapter 10 Complete the graph showing the key events in the rise of the pigs 120

Explain the significance of the following quotations
‘…out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter.’ ‘Henceforth the farm was to be known as the ‘Manor Farm’ – which, he believed, was its correct original name.’ ‘The creatures looked outside from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say which was which.’

Plenary Did you like the ending of the novel?
Were there any question left unanswered?

Teacher-of-English.com Animal Farm Post Reading

To recap character, plot and theme through Blockbusters game To analyse and discuss key quotes from Chapter 10 To explore the death of the principles of Animalism

How to play Blockbusters
Divide the class into two teams (a blue team and a white team). The quizmaster asks a question relating to a letter on the board (E.G. ‘What O is the surname of the author of Animal Farm?’). If the blue team answers first correctly then the quizmaster clicks once on the letter and it will turn blue. If the white team answers first correctly then the quizmaster clicks twice on the letter and it will turn white. If a team answers incorrectly the question is offered to the other team. If they are both wrong the hexagon will go black (click three times) and it is out of the game. The aim of the game is for each team to make their way across the board. The blue team must make a complete line horizontally across the board (all the hexagons must touch) and the white team must make a complete a line vertically across the board. The first team to complete a line across the board is the winner. Have fun!

N E T U K E R R B S R O A B O B C I L K
Start again N E T U K E R R B S R O A B O B C I L K

W B A P Q R Y I O S D F G H Z J V T L C
Start again W B A P Q R Y I O S D F G H Z J V T L C

P I M B O V C L X K W E G F S N Q J D T
Start again P I M B O V C L X K W E G F S N Q J D T

Key Quotes On the following slides are three quotes from Chapter Ten. Explain the significance of each one. ‘there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter.’

Key Quotes ‘After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to John Bull, TitBits, and the Daily Mirror. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth–no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wear on Sundays.’

‘as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away. But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.’

The Death of Animalism Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
By the end of the novel the ideals of Animalism are dead. Below are the original Seven Commandments of Animalism. Explain how each one has been corrupted under Napoleon's rule. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. No animal shall wear clothes. No animal shall sleep in a bed. No animal shall drink alcohol. No animal shall kill any other animal. All animals are equal.

Animal Farm Objectives: To consolidate knowledge
and understanding of the novel

social and historical context
Revision There are six key aspects to revise. They are: social and historical context plot author’s purpose characters language themes

Character Create character portraits for Napoleon, Snowball, Boxer, Benjamin and Squealer. Add as much detail as you can about each one. Snowball Squealer Benjamin Boxer Napoleon

Benjamin and Napoleon’s Memoirs
Imagine you are Benjamin or Napoleon as an older animal remembering the early years of Animal Farm. Think back to what happened. What do you feel about the way the rebellion turned out? Imagine that you are Benjamin or Napoleon writing your memoirs about what happened. You should include: the main events of the plot Your feelings about other characters How you feel about everything that happened Any regrets you may have How the experience affected your life

Plenary Read out your memoirs to a partner then ask them the following questions: What is good about it? How could I improve it? Listen carefully to the suggestions.

Animal Farm Objectives: To revise how Orwell
explores key themes in the novel To analyse potential essay questions

Themes Unscramble the anagrams below. Each one is a key theme dealt with in Animal Farm. Anagram Theme wepor deimials ruproctoni salcs calisoims darogpapna tocoal cosinrl inirtiotaaltams

Themes Unscramble the anagrams below. Each one is a key theme dealt with in Animal Farm. Anagram Theme wepor power deimials idealism ruproctoni corruption salcs class calisoims socialism darogpapna propaganda tocoal cosinrl social control inirtiotaaltams totalitarianism

Animal Farm themes Create a themes mind map.
corruption power Animal Farm social control idealism Your mind map should be full of detailed notes and images exploring how Orwell explores the key themes of the novel. If you are not familiar with mind maps, some examples can be found on the following slides.

How to set out your mind map
Romeo and Juliet mindmap

Romeo and Juliet mindmap

Harry Potter mindmap

Essay Questions How does Napoleon use the dogs and the sheep to keep control of the farm? How does Squealer help to maintain the pigs’ position of privilege. Many of the animals are stronger than the pigs and they are good fighters. Why do they not rebel against the tyranny of the pigs? How do the pigs spread suspicion and mistrust around the farm? How does Orwell use language to create suspense? Write about two scenes in the novel where suspense is evident. How does Orwell convey the corruption of idealism in Animal Farm? Imagine that Napoleon died at the Battle of the Cowshed and Snowball became the leader of the farm. Would Animal Farm have been different? Explain your answer in detail.

Teacher-of-English.com Animal Farm Links

Links BBC film about Animal Farm social and historical context
Animal Farm animated film (whole movie available online) Animal Farm audio book read by Timothy West George Orwell website with online texts

Animal Farm English Literature.

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