1. Preliminary Issues for CPC Review
Valentina Ramaschiello
Office of the Chief Statistician
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Meeting of the Expert Group on International Statistical Classifications
New York, 6-8 September 2017

2. CPC for fisheries statistics
The use of CPC for statistics in the sector is hampered by lack of detail needed
No evidence of countries using CPC: HS provides the reference in most cases (FAO ISSCFC based on SITC)
CPC Ver. 2.1 has introduced important improvements:
origin: separation of wild from farmed
use: separating of food from non-food purpose
species: detail on taxonomic groupings,
common criteria to separate primary fish from processed secondary products
However: CPC suitable for presenting statistics in their aggregated forms but it remains a challenge to use it as for detailed information

3. CPC for fisheries statistics
FAO collects production data on fisheries commodities through the FAO International Standard Statistical Classification of Fishery Commodities (ISSCFC)
scope: fish, crustaceans, molluscs, other aquatic animals, plants and residues and derived products
criteria: species of origin and degree of processing
based on SITC with additional digits added to include:
link to the International Standard Statistical Classification for Aquatic Animals and Plants (ISSCAAP)
breakdown by additional species
breakdown by types of product form

4. CPC for fisheries statistics
Areas where more detail is needed:
frozen, dried, salted or in brine codes for crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates (as in HS 2017)
species of origin for fish fillets, meat or prepared and preserved forms
Clarify where smoked crustaceans is classified (Division 04 and 21)
Problem:
lack of space in CPC at the lower level, all positions taken
CPC expanded for fisheries statistics?

5. Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs)
Issue:
need to improve boundaries between agriculture and forestry in CPC, and possibly ISIC
detail and definitions are available in both BUT their interpretation and application is challenging
the issue is relevant: impacts on the measurement of forest economic value, which goes beyond statistics as it impacts on forest policy process

6. Background of the proposal
NWFPs form the basis of livelihoods in many parts of the world, playing a significant role in food and nutrition
mainly used and traded in the informal sector
problem: role is underestimated because poorly represented in international statistics
FAO Forestry Statistics has taken renewed interest in addressing the existing data gap on NWFPs to provide a sound evidence base for decision making regarding their use
March 2017
“Non-wood forest products in international statistical systems”
systematic review of NWFPs in international classification systems used for data collection and dissemination with the aim to to improve data collection on NWFPs

7. NWFPs in ISIC Rev.4 Division 02 “Forestry and logging” defined as:
“the production of roundwood for the forest-based manufacturing industries as well as the extraction and gathering of wild growing non-wood forest products. […] These activities can be carried out in natural or planted forests.”
Division 02 is divided in four groups, NWFPs included in 023:
021 - Silviculture and other forestry activities
022 - Logging
023 - Gathering of non-wood forest products
024 - Support services to forestry

8. NWFPs in CPC Ver.2 & Ver.2.1
Division 03 “Forestry and logging products” divided in: Wood in the rough Non-wood forest products Natural gums and resins, gums-resins and oleoresins Natural cork, raw or simply prepared Other wild edible products Parts of plants[…] used primarily for dyeing or tanning; vegetable products n.e.c defined as: “edible products that exist only in the wild” excluding “edible products that exist in the wild and are also grown (controlled), cf. the corresponding subclass of division 01”.

9. Challenges in CPC definition
“edible products that exist only in the wild excluding edible products that exist in the wild and are also grown (controlled), cf. the corresponding subclass of division 01
1) different criterion applied to WPs vs NWPs:
wood: can exist in planted/managed forests
non-wood: cannot exist in controlled environments
2) “only exist in the wild” refers to: country or global level?
threat to data comparability: data reporting may vary from country to country due to different national practices
only a very few species nowadays exist in the wild exclusively worldwide, while the majority can also be cultivated

10. Challenges in CPC definition
“edible products that exist only in the wild excluding edible products that exist in the wild and are also grown (controlled), cf. the corresponding subclass of division 01
3) “wild”: what does it mean, to what stages it refers to? To what extent products from planted forest, or resulting from silvicultural practices, can be considered as wild?
it is noted that both in ISIC and CPC the concept of wild is introduced only for non-wood forest products, while it is specified that wood products can be obtained both from “natural” (wild) and “planted” (not wild) forest

11. How is “forest” defined?
“land spanning > 0.5ha with trees > 5m and a canopy cover of >10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.”
(SEEA land use classification, based on FAO FRA
Includes: primary, naturally regenerated, planted forest
Excludes: land that is predominantly under agriculture, urban use, and maintenance and restoration of environmental function
Examples: tree stands in agricultural production systems e.g. fruit tree plantation; oil palm plantations; agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover
All products (WPs and NWPs) from the forest (natural or managed) to be treated as forest products and not agricultural products
NWFPs remains as such even when growing in managed forest where silvicultural practices are carried out

12. Preliminary proposal to the EG
replace the term “wild” with “forest”, covering both planted/managed and natural forest
add detail under CPC 032 “Non-wood forest products”
identify as NWFPs in 032 those species that exist “only or mainly” in the forest
leave in Division 01 products that are predominantly grown in agriculture (animals that are hunted in the forest also remains under the current CPC Division 02 “Live animals and animal products”)

13. Add detail under 032 for: Forest nuts, with detail for:
Brazil nuts (01377)
Chestnuts (01373)
Pine nuts (01379*)
Areca nuts ( )
Kola nuts ( )
Karite nut ( )
Other forest nuts (01379*=
All these products are moved from Division 01 to 03

14. Add detail under 032 for:
Forest berries, including Buckthorn, brambleberry, acai, Siberian gooseberry, prickly ash All these products are in “n.e.c.” category for berries in Division 01

15. Add detail under 032 for:
Forest plants and parts of plants used in perfumery, pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes
Bark of African cherry (Prunus africana)*
Other
All these products are lumped together in 01930
*new proposed sub-heading in HS2022

16. (even if in Division 01 in CPC)
What to do
when information is available at contry level on NWFPs that CPC classifies under agriculture?
It’s true that the same product cannot be placed in two different categories but:
there’s a need to correctly capture detailed data on forest products when available
CPC distinguishes products depending on the activity of origin as the first criterion, defining those in Division 01 as the “products of agriculture” and those in Division 03 as “forestry and logging products”
Proposal to the EG:
provide guidelines to countries to expand beyond 5 digits products in group 032 to identify NWFPs when information exists at the country level
(even if in Division 01 in CPC)

17. Example: raspberries gathered from the forest
what to do? which codes should be used: or 032xx?
Suggested solution  032
032xx.xx expanded code to be created by the country to capture the data
total production of raspberries calculated as the sum of data in Division 01 + Division 03

18. Preliminary Proposal to the EG:
Summary
replace the term “wild” with “forest”
add detail under CPC 032 “NWFPs”
provide guidelines to countries on how to code information on NWFPs that are classified in their cultivated form in Division 01 in CPC (expanding 032 further)