1. Skin and Skin Care Products

2. The Skin Encloses the body
Prevents some internal materials from escaping
Keeps most external materials out
Regulates body temperature
Regulates penetration of sunlight

3. Layers of the skin
The skin has many components, but it can be considered as four layers
Subcutaneous tissue
Underlying fatty material
Dermis
True skin
Epidermis
Outer layer
Stratum Corneum

4. Only skin deep?

5. Stratum Corneum Outer most layer of the skin Approximately 10µm thick
About 20 layers of dead cells
Composed primarily of keratin (protein)
Overlap like shingles
Continually sloughed away
Cannot be penetrated by water soluble materials.
Can be destroyed by acid or caustic.

6. Epidermis Replenishes the stratum corneum
Contains the pigment producing cells that determine skin color.

7. Dermis Contains the working elements of the skin: Sensory nerves
Hair follicles
Blood vessles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Excrete sebum
50% fat
20% wax
5% free fatty acids

8. Skin Types Normal – soft smooth skin with a healthy appearance
Oily – shiny with enlarged pores. Often blemished
Dry – fine texture, flaky, many expression lines, poor elasticity
Sensitive – florid with broken capillaries, fine textured, like dry skin
Blemished – excessively oily with blemishes

9. Skin care Cosmetics Moisturizers Cleansing creams and lotions
Cleansers for oily skin
Lighteners
Anti-aging
Acne
Sunscreen
Self tanner

10. Moisturizers
A product that adds water, and often some emollients, to the skin. A variety of types of moisturizers are available (for various skin types), and are necessary for all skin types to prevent dehydration.
Replaces water lost from the skin
Dryness and flexibility cannot be corrected with oils - Only Water
Oil is used to limit the evaporation of water.
Formulation ingredients

11. Common Ingredients
Humectants
Emolients
Occlusives
Actives
Fragrance

12. Humectants
An ingredient in skin or hair products that draws moisture from the air to moisturize the skin and also promotes the retention of moisture in the skin
Examples:
Glycerine
Propylene glycol
Sorbitol
Urea
Lactic acid
Hyaluronic Acid

13. Emolients
Supple, waxlike, lubricating, thickening agents that prevent water loss and have a softening and soothing effect on the skin.
A skin conditioning agent which helps maintain the smooth, soft pliable appearance of the skin.
usually a grease or an oil that softens the skin and protects it from dryness.

14. Emolients Examples Sunflower seed oil Allantoin Cocoa butter Olive oil
Mineral oil
Myristyl Myristate

15. Occlusive
substances that hold strongly to the surface of the skin, preventing access to the air and increasing absorption of cosmetic treatments.
Usually refers to an occlusive shield or film that is spread onto the skin to slow or prevent moisture evaporation.

16. Occluives
Examples
Petrolatum
Lanolin
Candililla wax
dimethicone

17. Actives – Anti aging
Alpha Hydroxy Acid Any one of several natural acids (glycolic, lactic, citric, malic) obtained from fruit which assist in shedding dead skin cells. They provide the benefit of chemical exfoliation of the skin, making skin appear clearer.

18. Actives - Acne
Benzoyl Peroxide - An oxygen releasing chemical which causes drying, peeling and antibacterial action on the skin. Used for acne lesions, benzoyl peroxide is the number one acne medication recommended by doctors.

19. Actives – sunless tanning
Dihydroxyacetone - The active ingredient of sunless tanning products, reacts with amino acids in the outer layers of the skin to produce a browning effect.

20. Actives – skin lightening
Kojic acid is primarily used in cosmetics for it's skin lightening effect. It acts as an inhibitor of tyrosinase, which is responsible for the formation of melanin - the skin coloring agent in skin.
hydroquinone. Substance that is known to successfully reduce the intensity of freckles, melasma, and general brown patching by inhibiting melanin production. For continued and increased effectiveness it must be used long term.

21. Actives - sunscreens
Zinc oxide - an opaque, full-spectrum sunscreen also used to give opacity to face powder and foundation.
Titanium dioxide - a full-spectrum , which means that it protects the skin from both UVA and UVB rays. It is also used to give opacity to face powder, eye shadow, and foundation.

22. Actives – anti-dandruff
Zinc pyrithione - a strong anti-dandruff ingredient that is both a bactericide and fungicide. It can be irritating to the skin.