1. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations Indiana Standards Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company NOS 7.1 Make predictions and develop testable questions based on research and prior knowledge. NOS 7.2 Plan and carry out investigations as a class, in small groups or independently often over a period of several class lessons. NOS 7.3 Collect quantitative data with appropriate tools or technologies and use appropriate units to label numerical data.

3. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations Indiana Standards Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company NOS 7.4 Incorporate variables that can be changed, measured, or controlled. NOS 7.5 Use the principles of accuracy and precision when making measurement. NOS 7.6 Test predictions with multiple trials. NOS 7.7 Keep accurate records in a notebook during investigations.

4. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations Indiana Standards Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company NOS 7.8 Analyze data, using appropriate mathematical manipulation as required, and use it to identify patterns and make inferences based on these patterns. NOS 7.10 Compare the results of an experiment with the prediction.

5. Detective Story Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What are some types of scientific investigations? Two basic types of scientific investigations are experiments and observations. Experiments are often based on observations. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

6. What are some types of scientific investigations? An experiment is an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. Many experiments are done in a laboratory, where variables are easier to control. Experiments are also done in the field, where it is easier to show how certain processes act in nature. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

7. What are some types of scientific investigations? Some scientific investigations involve only observation. Observation is the process of obtaining information by using the senses. Making a model may be part of a scientific investigation. Models are useful for studying things that are very small, large, or complex. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

8. Parts of a Whole Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What are some parts of scientific investigations? Scientific investigations share certain basic elements. A hypothesis is a testable explanation that leads to a scientific investigation. To be useful, a hypothesis has to be testable in a practical and meaningful way. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

9. What are some parts of scientific investigations? The factors that change in a scientific investigation are called the variables. An independent variable is also called the test variable, and is the factor that is deliberately changed in the experiment. A dependent variable is also called the outcome variable, and is the factor that changes as a result of how the independent variable is changed. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

10. What are some parts of scientific investigations? Data are information gathered by observation or experimentation that can be used in calculating or reasoning. Scientists analyze data to understand the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Based on their analysis of the data, scientists draw conclusions about the hypothesis. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

11. Many Methods Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What are some scientific methods? Scientific investigations do not always follow exactly the same steps in the same order. Some of the steps can be repeated. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

12. What are some scientific methods? Here are some steps in scientific methods: Defining a problem Forming a hypothesis and making predictions Planning an investigation Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

13. What are some scientific methods? Identifying variables Collecting and organizing data Interpreting data and analyzing information Drawing and defending conclusions Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

14. Make It Work Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company How are scientific methods used? Scientists determine the best way to test a hypothesis, choosing an experiment, an observation, or a combination of both. Even when an investigation does not support a hypothesis, the data can help scientists shape future investigations. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

15. How are scientific methods used? Scientists often go through many cycles of testing and analyzing before they arrive at a hypothesis that is supported. The scientific method can be used to help scientists learn about animals that died out millions of years ago. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

16. How are scientific methods used? Finding more fossils can provide the data scientists need to support their hypotheses. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

17. Quality Control Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What are some characteristics of good scientific investigations? Certain checks help ensure that good scientific practices are followed. Experiments must be verified by repetition and replication. Results must be reviewed by other scientists not involved in the investigation. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

18. How is repetition different from replication? Repetition is done when the same scientist repeats the study in the same location. Replication is done when other scientists reproduce the study in different locations. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations

19. How can you evaluate the quality of scientific information? Peer-reviewed scientific journals are the most reliable. Books written by scientists about their field of study are trustworthy. Government or academic web pages are the most reliable Internet sources. Commercial web pages are often unreliable. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 1 Lesson 2 Scientific Investigations