1. Mental Wellbeing in a Depressed Economy (1) Dr Victor Makanjuola Consultant Psychiatrist University College Hospital Ibadan

2. Nigeria “technically” in recession - the finance minister, Kemi Adeosun,

5. Economic depression/downturn could precipitate mental depression!

7. Symptoms of Depression Vary from person to person 3 key signs are: 1. loss of interest in things you like to do 2.sadness or irritability 3.Lack of or reduction in energy level

8. Additional Signs include: Changes in feelings which may include: – Feeling empty – Inability to enjoy anything – Loss of sexual desire – Loss of warm feelings for family or friends – Feelings of self blame or guilt – Loss of self esteem – Inexplicable crying spells, sadness or irritability – Hopelessness – Suicidal feelings and behaviour

9. Changes in behavior and attitude These may include: – General slowing down – Neglect of responsibilities and appearance – Poor memory – Inability to concentrate – thoughts, feelings or behaviors

10. Physical Complaints These may include: – Sleep disturbances such as early morning waking, sleeping too much or insomnia – Lack of energy – Loss of appetite – Weight loss or gain – Unexplained headaches or backaches – Stomachaches, indigestion or changes in bowl habits

12. The fog is like a cage without a key.’ ‘That’s the thing about depression: a human being can survive almost anything, as long as s/he sees the end in sight. But depression is so insidious and it compounds daily, that it’s impossible to ever see the end. The fog is like a cage without a key.’ Elizabeth Wurtzel, Prozac Nation

13. Types Mild – 2+2=4 Moderate - 2+4=6 Severe – 3+5=8> Suicidal thoughts, attempts=severe

14. Professional treatment is necessary for all these types of depression.

15. Treatment for Depression Medication – Antidepressants can help ease the symptoms of depression and return a person to normal functioning. Antidepressants are not habit forming.

16. Psychotherapy This can help many depressed people understand themselves and cope with their problems. For example: – Interpersonal therapy works to change relationships that affect depression – Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps people change negative thinking and behavior patterns

17. If you or someone you know has symptoms of depression… Take Action!

18. Intervening with a depressed friend Be empathetic and understanding Don’t try to “cheer up” a depressed person Avoid critical or shaming statements Challenge expressions of hopelessness Empathize with feelings of sadness, grief, anger and frustration

19. Don’t argue about how bad things are Don’t insist that depression or sadness are the wrong feelings to be experiencing Don’t become angry even though your efforts may be resisted or rejected Helping a depressed friend…

20. Advocate for their recovery from from depression Emphasize that depression is treatable Seek consultation Encourage them to seek help, go with them to the counseling center Be supportive of counselor or doctor suggestions

21. Your efforts are likely to… 1.Lighten the mood 2.Prevent progression of depression 3.Shorten the episode 4.Prevent suicide as an outcome