1. 8-1.1

2. In the 1500’s, Europe considered itself the center of the world, even the universe. Explorers sent by the most powerful European nations would set out to find a new route to Asia.

3. These explorers found the continents of North and South America. They called these lands “The New World” But was this really a “New World” ?

5. Worlds would collide when European explorers discovered the “New World” during the 15 th and 16 th centuries. Thriving populations of Native Americans lived here when the first explorers dropped their anchors on the shores of the American continents.

6. Most historians believe that 35,000 to 40,000 years ago, Native Americans migrated across the Bering Strait on a land bridge from Asia into North America. This land bridge was called Beringia

7. Experts are not absolutely certain about when the first people came to South Carolina It is believed that humans arrived around 13,000 B.C. That’s 14,000 years ago!

8. Over that 14,000 years of time, the people went through five periods of development. Pre-projectile: About 15,000 years ago, Native Americans were NOMADIC: They moved place to place looking for food. They hunted large animals like mammoths, mastodon, and bison. Their technology and tools were limited to crude stone tools like scrappers and choppers.

9. The Paleo Period: About 12,000 years ago, Native Americans used spear points to hunt and began to gather food. They became hunter-gatherers. There were larger animals to hunt like mammoths, mastodons, and bison, as well as deer, elk and smaller game.

10. The Archaic Period: About 10,000 years ago, the climate started to warm which brought a greater variety of plants and animals. The people became less nomadic and would settle into areas for seasons. They would start to farm and make pottery. Their technology increased. They used a tool called an ATLATL. The atlatl was a tool that helped propel their spears father and faster

11. The Woodland period : About 3000 years ago, Native Americans lived in villages and agriculture, or farming was an important way of getting food. Hunters only travelled seasonally and used a new form of technology- the bow and arrow. They also traded with other Native American cultures.

12. The Mississippian Period: about 900 years ago, around 1150, Mississippian people arrived in South Carolina. They were a mound building people, who had large complex societies. Homes were made using wattle and daub. Daub was mud. Wattle was the inter-woven twigs or sticks across the wooden framework of the house. They made thatched roofs and built PALISADES, wooden fences with pointed ends around their villages.

13. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the woodland and the Mississippian cultures was the building of mounds. Archeologists are not sure if the purpose of the mounds was for burials, as a temple, or to observe the stars. This mound is the Santee Indian Mound located on the shore of Lake Marion.

14. These 5 periods are known as the prehistoric era. PREHISTORIC: Having to do with a period of time Before There were written records. So if there are no records, how do we know anything about Native Americans? Archeologists!

15. Archeology is the study of past people and cultures Through a careful examination of artifacts Artifacts are objects such as a stone tool or pottery, MADE by humans during an earlier time

16. The Topper Site Archeologists dig for artifacts at the Topper Site in Allendale County, SC. They have found artifacts that date back 50,000 years.

17. Petroglyphs, often called "rock art," are line carvings, etchings or drawings on stone that are commonly attributed to prehistoric people. This petroglyph is from Pickens County and is believed to be about 1000 to 2000 years old Pictographs are paintings on rock or cave walls

18. People of the Eastern Woodlands These were the first Native Americans that explorers and settlers encountered. We know more about them because of accounts written by Europeans who came into contact with them.

19. Eastern Woodlands groups were matrilineal- meaning family ties are based on the mother’s side. A boy’s most important adult male would have been his uncle- his mother’s brother- not his biological father. Men and women had specific roles. Men raise the boys, hunted and conducted war. Women were responsible for farming and gathering. Women and men could both speak and vote at council meetings. Native Americans believed that land did not “belong” to any person and was not owned.

20. People of the Eastern Woodlands used the natural resources to survive. They used rivers, lakes and the ocean for fishing, water, and transportation. They used trees to make dugout canoes. Trees were also used to make tools and weapons and to make housing. The fertile soil allowed them to grow crops such as the three sisters - corn, pole beans, and squash. Clay was used to make pottery. Rocks were used to make tools and weapons. Fruits and nuts were also gathered from the woods. Animals were used for food, skins for clothing or shelters and bones for tools or weapons.

21. When explorers arrived in the 1600’s, there were about 50 tribes belonging to four major language groups. Siouan Language Yemassee Catawba Cherokee Algonquian Language Muskogean Language Iroquoian Language

23. Catawba Native Americans The Catawba lived just below the Blue Ridge region. This region is known as the Piedmont region. The tribe occupies a 640-acre reservation near Rock Hill, South Carolina

24. Piedmont Region

25. How did the Catawba meet their daily needs in the Piedmont region?

26. The Catawba used rivers for many different purposes such as fishing, water to drink, to cook, to clean things, and for transportation.

27. Catawba called themselves the “River People”. They lived in the Piedmont region along the rivers.

28. In the Catawba tribe, men and women had different jobs that helped them meet their daily needs.

29. The men hunted deer and other small animals. Catawba men also did farming. Fishing was also important and fish were a main part of the Catawba’s diet.

30. The women cooked, farmed and gathered. They also spent time making baskets, pottery and mats to trade. They grew corn as well as beans and squash

31. The Catawba lived in wigwams Their homes were made of saplings, young tree to frame them and then covered with Bark or mats made of grasses or reeds. Villages would be surrounded by palisades, or wood fencing.

32. The Catawba were well known for making pottery.

33. A chief would rule over each village with the help of a governing council.

35. Cherokee Native Americans The Cherokee lived in the upper region of South Carolina. These regions are known as the Blue Ridge and Piedmont regions.

36. Blue Ridge Region

37. Piedmont Region

38. Written Cherokee Language Sequoyah In 1821 Sequoyah completed his independent creation of a Cherokee syllabary, making reading and writing in Cherokee possible.

39. How did the Cherokee live?

40. The Cherokee built villages along the rivers. There were 30-60 homes in each village. There were 400-500 members of each village. The villages were surrounded by a wall called a palisade.

41. What were their houses like?

42. The walls of the houses were built by weaving small trees between large posts and covered with mud. The roofs were made of small trees covered with shingles made of bark.

43. In the summer the Cherokee lived in rectangular houses made of daub and wattle.

44. In the winter the Cherokee lived in round daub and wattle houses. daub= clay and grass mix wattle= bark and branches

45. How did the Cherokee meet their daily needs in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont region?

46. Used Rivers

47. For Fishing The men fished by poisoning the water with walnut bark. This would stun the fish and cause them to rise to the top of the Water to be gathered.

48. Water is used for cooking and cleaning and to water crops.

49. Water is used for Transportation- Dugout canoes were made burning and carving out tree trunks

50. In the Cherokee tribe, men and women had different jobs that helped them meet their daily needs.

51. The men collected food by fishing and hunting for deer, bears, and turkeys.

52. Corn, or maize The women cooked, farmed and gathered. They grew melon, squash, beans, and corn.

53. What was the Cherokee government like?

54. Each village had its own council, the leaders who made laws for that village. Women were included. The councils met in a council house. Every adult in the village could come to the council with their ideas.

55. Each Cherokee village had two chiefs The red chief led the people during times of war The white chief advised about farming and laws. He helped settle arguments and played an important role in religious ceremonies

56. The Yemassee

57. Yemassee Native Americans The Yemassee lived in the lower region of South Carolina near Georgia. This region is known as the Coastal Zone.

58. Coastal Zone The Yemassee were originally from Spanish Florida (Now called Georgia)

59. How did the Yemassee meet their daily needs in the Coastal Zone?

60. The men fished and hunted. Clams and Oysters and other shellfish were part of their diet. They also hunted for deer, bear, raccoons, and squirrels in the forests

61. Midden mounds- or trash piles- contain broken pieces of pottery and shells. These items give us clues to how the Yemassee lived.

62. The women cooked, farmed, and gathered.

63. In the summer the Yemassee lived in wigwams near the beach. The wigwams are covered in palmetto leaves.

64. During the winter Spring and Fall, they moved further inland the Yemassee lived in wattle and daub houses.

65. In the center of the village was a council house. A chief and a council made decisions

66. Using your graphic organizer, describe how the Catawba, the Cherokee, and the Yemassee were similar and what were the differences between them in your journal. Lets put it all together and analyze!

67. When the Europeans arrived, the people of the Eastern Woodlands Traded furs and deerskins for iron tools, weapons and guns. As more settlers arrived, they took over more of the Native Americans land, Cheated them in trade, and even forced some of them into slavery This would lead to increased hostilities between settlers and people of the Eastern Woodlands nations. Sure, Let’s Trade!!!! Hey, you need to stop taking our land!!!! Hey! You are cheaters!

69. On your Graphic Organizer, listen for information on the three main Native Americans in South Carolina Write down: Where did they live? What region of the state are they from? How did they use their resources to survive? What was the roles of men and women? How did they govern themselves? What type of housing did they have?

70. Answer three of these questions on your graphic organizer. In which region did the Catawba live? What do the Catawba call themselves? How did they use their resources? What role did Catawba men have? What role did the Catawba women have? What were the Catawba known for making? How did the Catawba govern themselves? The Catawba Piedmont The River People Rivers for fishing, water, and transportation. Hunted animals for food, skin, and bones. Used trees for weapons, tools, and housing. Gathered food from the forest and used the land to grow more food. Hunted, farmed, and fished Cooked, farmed, gathered, made pottery and baskets Pottery Chief/Council

71. In which regions did the Cherokee live? What types of houses did the Cherokee live in? How did the Cherokee use their resources? What was the role of Cherokee men. What was the role of Cherokee women. Who were the Cherokee leaders? The Cherokee Answer these questions on your graphic organizer The Blue Ridge region In the summer, the Cherokee lived in rectangular houses made of daub and wattle. In the winter, they lived in round daub and wattle houses with no windows. They used rivers for fishing, water, and transportation. Animals for meat, skin, and bones. Trees for building shelter, weapons, and tools. Plants for food. Fertile soil for planting. The Men hunted and fished. The women farmed, gathered food, raised children, created clothes, baskets There was a council of leaders and a red chief(war) and a white chief (peace times)

72. Answer three of these questions on your graphic organizer. In which region did the Yemassee live? How did they use their resources? What was the role of Yemassee men. What was the role of Yemassee women. What special land feature was left by the Yemassee? What type of houses did the Yemassee have? What type of government did they have? The Yemassee Costal Zone Ocean and rivers for fishing, water, transportation, trees for building, tools and weapons, animals for food and skin Fishing and hunting The women cooked, farmed, gathered and made Pottery and baskets Midden Mounds In the summer, they lived in wigwams near the beach. Their roofs were covered in palmetto leaves. In the winter, spring, and fall, they lived in wattle and daub houses further inland. A council of leaders and a chief