1. Adjective Clauses Chapter 12

2. Introduction (12-1) An ADJECTIVE modifies a noun. Modify = change a little. An adjective modifies a noun by giving more information about the noun (see chart 6-8, p. 160 to review) An adjective usually comes in front of the noun it modifies Examples: This is a hard class. Lazy students do not do well in school

3. Introduction (12-1) An ADJECTIVE CLAUSE is a DEPENDENT CLAUSE (S+V, NOT a complete thought) that modifies a noun. An adjective clause describes or give more information about a noun just like a single word adjective does. An adjective clause comes AFTER the noun it modifies. Examples: I have a teacher WHO GIVES TOO MANY QUIZZES. My niece WHO LOVES DISNEY got a Mickey Mouse backpack for Christmas.

4. Introduction (12-1) A CLAUSE is a structure that has a subject AND a verb. An independent clause is a main clause and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be connected to an independent clause. If you don’t attach a dependent clause to an independent clause, you create a sentence fragment. Time clauses, If-clauses, and adjective clauses are all DEPENDENT clauses.

5. Who & That in Adj. Clauses to Describe People (12-2) In adjective clauses, WHO and THAT are used as subject pronouns to describe people. They are used as the subject of the adjective clause. EXAMPLE: The kid is lonely. He is playing by himself. To make this one sentence with an adjective clause, change “He” to “Who” or “That” and move the whole second sentence behind “kid”: The kid WHO IS PLAYING BY HIMSELF is lonely. The kid THAT IS PLAYING BY HIMSELF is lonely. WHO and THAT cannot be omitted (left out) of adjective clauses. Both WHO and THAT are common in conversation, but WHO is more common in writing.

6. Who & That in Adj. Clauses to Describe People (12-2) Another Example: My sister baked bread so hard we couldn’t cut it. She is a bad cook. Change “She” to “Who” or “That” Move 2 nd sentence behind “Sister” My sister WHO IS A BAD COOK baked bread so hard we couldn’t cut it. My sister THAT IS A BAD COOK baked bread so hard we couldn’t cut it.

7. Whole Class Practice My neighbor is a recluse. He is an author. My sister is a great teacher. She teaches 4 th grade. His uncle owns a restaurant. He is a famous chef. The students are lazy. They never turn their work in on time.

8. Practice Complete Exercises 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, p. 322-324

9. Using Object Pronouns in Adjective Clauses to Describe People (12-3) In adjective clauses, pronouns are used as the object of a verb to describe people. Example: The writing teacher is very good. We like her. Her is the object of the verb like. Change “her” to “That” and move “that” to the beginning of the 2 nd sentence to make an adjective clause (that we like) Place the adjective clause after “teacher” in the 1 st sentence: Our writing teacher that we like is very good.

10. Using Object Pronouns in Adjective Clauses to Describe People (12-3) WHO and WHOM can also be used (instead of THAT) as object pronouns. As object pronouns, THAT is more common than WHO in speaking. WHOM is extremely formal and usually only used in very formal writing. Object pronouns CAN be omitted from adjective clauses, and this is the most common choice in both speaking and writing: The writing teacher that we like is very good. The writing teacher (x) we like is very good.

11. Using Object Pronouns in Adjective Clauses to Describe People (12-3) Another example: The man loves me. I married him. Change “him” to “that/who/whom” Move “that/who/whom” to beginning of 2 nd sentence to create your adjective clause (that/who/whom I married) Place the adjective clause after “man” in the 1 st sentence: The man that/who/whom I married loves me. ALSO POSSIBLE: The man (X) I married loves me.

12. Whole Class Practice The neighbor is helpful. I like her. The classmate is nice. John tutors her. Wendy’s friend is an actress. She admires her. Angela’s husband spends too much money. She wants to divorce him.

13. Practice Complete Exercises 10, 11, 12, and 14, p. 325-326

14. Using Pronouns in Adjective Clauses to Describe Things (12-4) WHO = only use for PEOPLE THAT = can use for PEOPLE or THINGS WHICH = only use for THINGS Example: The canyon is huge. It was created by the Colorado River. Change “it” to “that/which” (that was created by the Colorado River) Place adj. clause after canyon in 1 st sentence: The canyon that was created by the Colorado River is huge. The canyon which was created by the Colorado River is huge.

15. Using Pronouns in Adjective Clauses to Describe Things (12-4) Both THAT and WHICH can be used for subject and object pronouns. When THAT/WHICH are used as the SUBJECT of the adjective clause, they CANNOT be omitted (left out): The canyon that was created by the Colorado River is huge. The canyon was created by the Colorado River is huge. (INCORRECT)

16. Using Pronouns in Adjective Clauses to Describe Things (12-4) When they are used as an object pronoun (there is another subject in the adjective clause), they CAN be omitted. The dogs are Basset Hounds. I adopted them. Change “them” to “that/which” Move “that/which” to beginning of 2 nd sentence (that I adopted) Move your new adj. clause to after dogs in the first sentence: The dogs that I adopted are Basset Hounds. The dogs which I adopted are Basset Hounds. The dogs (x) I adopted are Basset Hounds. When speaking, THAT and (x) are more common than WHICH. In writing, THAT is most common, and (x) is rarely used.

17. Whole Class Practice The dogs are friendly. She likes them. Houston floods a lot. It was build around a lot of bayous. Kansas City gets a lot of snow in the winter and is hot in the summer. It has a humid continental climate. The Lake of the Ozarks is a large, man-made lake in south-east Missouri owned by Ameren. My parents have a boat on it. Ameren is a power company.

18. Practice Complete exercises 16, 17, 18, and 19, p. 327-330

19. Singular & Plural Verbs in Adj. Clauses (12-5) When the adjective clause modifies a singular subject, the verb in the adjective clause is singular: A student who is hardworking will do well in school. The woman that is in the waiting room looks sick. When the adjective clause modifies a plural subject, the verb in the adjective clause is plural: Students who are hardworking will do well in school. The people that are in the waiting room look sick.

20. Practice Complete Exercise 24, p. 331

21. Using Prepositions in Adjective Clauses THAT/WHOM/WHICH can be used as the object of a preposition in an adjective clause: The café isn’t far. I walked to it. TO = Preposition IT = Object Change “It” to “that/which” and move to beginning of 2 nd sentence (that I walked to) Place adj. clause after café: The café that I walked to isn’t far. The café which I walked to isn’t far. The café (x) I walked to isn’t far.

22. Using Prepositions in Adjective Clauses In VERY formal English, a preposition comes at the beginning of an adjective clause, followed by either WHOM or WHICH. This is NOT common in spoken (or even written) English: The café isn’t far. I walked to it. Vs. The café to which I walked isn’t far. NOTE: when you place a preposition at the beginning of an adj. clause like this, then the pronoun CANNOT be omitted.

23. Whole Class Practice: The song is great. I sang along to it. The woman was helpful. I ran into her. The desk is large. My book is sitting on it. The bed is soft. I am lying on it.

24. Practice Complete Exercises 26, 27, and 29, p. 332-335

25. Using WHOSE in Adjective Clauses (12-7) WHOSE is used to show possession. WHOSE can be used if the adjective clause modifies the noun by showing who owns the noun. The girl told the teacher. Her essay was copied by another student. The girl owns the essay, so “her” can be changed to “whose”: The girl WHOSE ESSAY WAS COPIED BY ANOTHER STUDENT told the teacher.

26. Using WHOSE in Adjective Clauses (12-7) Another Example: Jane is rich. Apple bought her app design. Jane created the app design, so “her” can be changed to “whose” Whose + App Design gets moved to the beginning of the 2 nd sentence (whose app design Apple bought) The adjective clause gets moved after “Jane” in the 1 st sentence: Jane whose app design Apple bought is rich.

27. Whole Class Practice: I have a friend. Her sister is a famous singer. Jane has a rock garden. Her flowers always died. My boss says he doesn’t get paid enough. His raise was over $100,000. My neighbor is upset. His house just burned down.

28. Practice: Complete Exercises 31, 32 (write your answers), 34, 35, 37, p. 336-341

29. Quiz: Using Grammar in Writing Read through Part I of Exercise 41, p. 341 Complete Part II. Your paragraph should be 7-10 sentences long and must use at least 5 adjective clauses. Paragraph should be proofread for verb tenses and nouns/pronouns as well as adjective clause use. Due: NEXT CLASS